Mammography is a procedure that uses a low dose of X-rays to create images of breast tissue. Your doctor might recommend a mammogram even if you have no symptoms”this is known as screening mammography. It is also used to help diagnose issues when you have symptoms such as lumps or breast pain; in this case, it is called diagnostic mammography. A mammogram can reveal abnormalities in the breast tissue. Breast cancer accounts for 14% of all detected cancers, making early detection through mammography screening very important.
How is a Mammogram Done?
A mammogram is performed using a special X-ray machine. You will stand in front of the machine and place your breast on a platform. The breast is then gently compressed by the machine to ensure clear images are taken. This process is repeated for both breasts to capture side views. After each image, you may need to wait briefly as the technologist ensures the images are properly captured. However, you will not receive any information about your results during this waiting period.
Mammography Procedure for Pregnant Women
Before having a mammogram, it is important to inform your doctor if you are breastfeeding or pregnant. It is also recommended to avoid scheduling a mammogram during the week before or during your period, as your breasts may be more sensitive, leading to increased discomfort during the procedure. Additionally, let your doctor know if you have breast implants or have recently received a vaccine.
Preparation Before Mammography
There are a few steps to prepare for a mammogram:
- You can eat and drink as usual before the mammogram; fasting is not required.
- On the day of your appointment, avoid using products such as perfume, lotion, or powder, as these can affect the accuracy of the X-ray images.
- Try not to wear one-piece outfits like dresses. You will need to undress above the waist for the procedure, and a gown will be provided at the mammography facility.
What to Pay Attention to During the Mammography Procedure?
There are important points to keep in mind during the mammography procedure, similar to the preparations beforehand. The main steps to follow during a mammogram include:
During the mammography procedure, there are important points to keep in mind. The steps to follow are:
- Remove all clothing and jewelry above your waist. A private dressing room and a gown will be provided at the facility.
- Stand in front of the mammography machine as directed. The technician will help you place one breast at a time onto the plate.
- The machine will gently compress your breast between two plastic plates, which may cause some discomfort or pressure for 3-5 seconds. If the pressure becomes too uncomfortable, let the technician know immediately.
- While your breast is compressed, the machine will take the X-ray image.
- This process will be repeated for both breasts.
- Once all images are taken and the technician tells you the procedure is complete, you can get dressed and put your jewelry back on.
Types of Mammography
There are two main types of mammography: 2D digital mammography and 3D digital mammography (also known as tomosynthesis).
- 2D digital mammography uses X-rays to produce images of the breast, typically taking at least two images of each breast from different angles.
- 3D digital mammography (tomosynthesis) involves compressing each breast once and taking multiple images to create a detailed, layered view. This method offers a clearer visualization of breast tissue compared to 2D mammography and can detect even low-grade breast cancers. Because it can identify very small or subtle abnormalities, tomosynthesis is often considered a superior choice for both screening and diagnosis.
Evaluation of Mammography Results
Mammography results are evaluated using a standardized system with categories numbered from 0 to 6.
- BI-RADS category 1: Indicates that there are no significant abnormalities requiring reporting by the radiologist. No masses or other findings are present in the breasts. In this case, the result is negative. BI-RADS category 2: Indicates that the radiologist may visualize benign and non-cancerous cysts, lymph nodes in the breast. In such a result, your findings are recorded for comparison with future mammograms.
- BI-RADS category 3: Such a result can only be given in a diagnostic mammogram. Here, there is a 98% chance that benign tissues are present. However, since it cannot be determined whether they are malignant or benign, mammography may be repeated at intervals.
- BI-RADS category 4: This result can only be given from a diagnostic mammogram. It means that the finding(s) in the test may be cancerous. A breast biopsy may be performed to confirm. Results in this category are categorized as low, intermediate, and high likelihood of cancer.
- BI-RADS category 5: It is a result obtained only from a diagnostic mammogram. The detected findings resemble cancer, with a 95% chance of being cancerous. A breast biopsy is recommended.
- BI-RADS category 6: This result is for evaluating the findings of individuals who have previously received a cancer diagnosis through biopsy. It actually indicates how well the individual responds to treatment.
Radiation Safety in Mammography
Mammography exposes the breasts to a small amount of radiation. Although radiation in mammography may be harmful, the diagnosis you will obtain through mammography outweighs this concern. However, if there is a possibility that you may be pregnant, you should share this with your specialist doctor. If you do not have a risk of breast cancer, your doctor may recommend postponing the screening.
* Liv Hospital Editorial Board has contributed to the publication of this content .
* Contents of this page is for informational purposes only. Please consult your doctor for diagnosis and treatment. The content of this page does not include information on medicinal health care at Liv Hospital .
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Frequently Asked Questions
Is Mammography a Painful Procedure?
Some people may find mammography uncomfortable or even painful, depending on factors like breast size, the amount of compression needed, and whether they are menstruating. However, the pressure applied by the machine is only for a few seconds and is generally tolerable for most individuals.
What Happens if Mammography Results are Abnormal?
An abnormal mammogram result does not necessarily mean you have cancer. Your doctor may recommend additional tests”such as further mammograms or other imaging”to clarify the findings and make an accurate diagnosis.
At What Age Can Mammography Be Done?
It is generally recommended that women begin annual mammography screenings at age 40. However, those at higher risk”such as individuals with a personal or family history of breast or ovarian cancer, previous breast cancer, or dense breast tissue”may need to start screening earlier or have them more frequently. If you fall into a higher risk category, consult your doctor to determine the most suitable screening schedule for you.
Where Is Mammography Conducted?
Mammography can be performed in a variety of settings, including hospital radiology departments, clinics, dedicated imaging centers, breast cancer screening programs, and doctors' offices.
What Is the Difference Between Screening and Diagnostic Mammography?
In fact, these two tests are very similar. However, they differ mainly in terms of why and how often they are performed. Screening mammography can be performed to detect the presence of breast cancer even if you do not show any symptoms. However, diagnostic mammography is performed when you have symptoms. In both cases, your doctor examines the entire breast.