Can a Urine Test Detect Cancer? Researchers have made big steps in linking health signs to cancer risks. For example, studies found that adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and gastric cardia are rising fast in the West. They look at body mass index (BMI) and height as possible risk factors.
We’re exploring a new way to find cancer early: checking DNA in urine. Finding DNA in urine can tell us a lot about our health. It might show if cancer cells are present. This easy test could change how we find and treat cancer.
Key Takeaways
- Urine tests can potentially detect cancer through DNA analysis.
- Research is ongoing into the diagnostic capabilities of urine tests.
- Early detection is key for effective cancer treatment.
- DNA in urine can be a valuable indicator of overall health.
- Non-invasive diagnostic methods are becoming more important in cancer detection.
The Composition of Urine: What’s Really in Your Pee?
Urine is more than just waste. It’s a key to understanding our health. It can show clues about different health problems. Knowing what’s in urine helps us see how it can help diagnose diseases, like cancer.
Normal Components of Urine
Urine is mostly water. It also has waste like urea, creatinine, and other stuff. This includes ions, hormones, and sometimes vitamins. Urea comes from breaking down proteins. Looking at urine helps us understand what our body is getting rid of.
Abnormal Elements That May Appear in Urine
Urine can show signs of health problems. This includes blood cells, proteins, and other things not usually found in healthy urine. These signs can point to infections or even cancer. For example, finding blood in urine might mean a urinary tract issue or something else serious.
| Component | Normal/Abnormal | Significance |
| Urea | Normal | Waste product of protein metabolism |
| Blood Cells | Abnormal | May indicate infection, injury, or cancer |
| Proteins | Abnormal (except for trace amounts) | Can signal kidney damage or disease |
| Creatinine | Normal | Waste product that indicates muscle metabolism |
| Glucose | Abnormal | May indicate diabetes or other metabolic issues |
Doctors can learn a lot from urine tests. They can spot health problems early. This is why urine tests are so important in medicine, helping find diseases like cancer.
Is There DNA in Pee? The Scientific Answer
DNA in urine is a fact with big medical uses. It’s very interesting for finding genetic signs of cancer.
Sources of DNA in Urine
DNA in urine comes from cells that fall off into the urinary tract. These cells can be from the kidneys, bladder, or ureters. When these cells die, their DNA mixes with the urine.
The main sources of DNA in urine are:
- Cancer cells that fall into the urinary tract
- Normal cells from the urinary tract lining
- Cells from the kidneys that get filtered into the urine
How DNA Gets into Urine
DNA gets into urine because of cell shedding in the urinary tract. This is normal in healthy people. But, in those with cancer, abnormal cells can also shed into the urine. These cells carry genetic material that shows the disease.
Stability of DNA in Urine Samples
The stability of DNA in urine is key for analysis. DNA can break down due to enzymes. But, with the right care and storage, urine samples can keep their DNA for testing.
| Factor | Effect on DNA Stability |
| Temperature | Higher temperatures can degrade DNA faster |
| Storage Conditions | Proper storage can preserve DNA for analysis |
| Enzymatic Activity | Enzymes can break down DNA if not inhibited |
Knowing how DNA gets into urine and how stable it is helps us see its value. It’s important for finding cancer and other medical uses.
Types of Urine Tests and What They Can Detect
Urine tests are key in finding health problems early. They help diagnose and track conditions like urinary tract infections and kidney disease. They also help find certain cancers.
Standard Urinalysis
Standard urinalysis checks urine’s physical and chemical properties. It looks at color, clarity, pH, and for proteins, glucose, or blood cells. This test can spot diabetes, kidney issues, and urinary tract infections.
Key Components of Standard Urinalysis:
- Physical examination: color, clarity, and specific gravity
- Chemical examination: pH, protein, glucose, ketones, and blood
- Microscopic examination: cells, casts, crystals, and bacteria
Specialized Urine Tests
There are urine tests for specific health issues. These include tests for drug abuse, pregnancy, and metabolic disorders. They can also find biomarkers for certain conditions, making diagnosis more accurate.
| Test Type | Purpose | Detectable Conditions |
| Drug Screening | To detect the presence of drugs or their metabolites | Substance abuse |
| Pregnancy Test | To detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | Pregnancy |
| Metabolic Disorder Screening | To detect abnormal levels of certain metabolites | Metabolic disorders (e.g., PKU) |
Molecular and Genetic Testing of Urine
Molecular and genetic testing of urine is at the forefront of diagnostics. These tests look at DNA or RNA in urine for genetic mutations or markers. This is useful for finding diseases like certain cancers without invasive tests.
Advantages of Molecular and Genetic Urine Testing:
- Non-invasive or minimally invasive
- Ability to detect diseases at an early stage
- Potential for monitoring disease progression or treatment response
Knowing about different urine tests helps doctors pick the best one for each patient. This improves diagnosis and care.
Cancer Markers in Urine: What to Look For
Urine analysis is key in finding cancer markers. It’s a non-invasive way to detect cancer early. We look for proteins, biomarkers, cancer cells, and genetic mutations in urine.
Proteins and Biomarkers
Certain proteins and biomarkers in urine can signal cancer. For example, nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) is linked to bladder cancer. Cancer cells release proteins into urine, which tests can detect.
Some important biomarkers include:
- BLCA-4 and BLCA-1, linked to bladder cancer
- PCA3, a marker for prostate cancer
- Other proteins and genetic material for different cancers
Cancer Cells in Urine
Cancer cells can be found in urine, mainly in urinary system cancers. We look for abnormal cells or specific markers in urine.
Genetic Mutations Detectable in Urine
Urine can hold genetic material from cancer cells, like DNA and RNA. This includes mutations linked to cancer. PCR and next-generation sequencing can find these mutations.
Some genetic mutations we can detect include:
- Mutations in the TP53 gene, found in many cancers
- Changes in the FGFR3 gene, linked to bladder cancer
- Other genetic changes for different cancers
By looking at these markers in urine, we can find cancer early. This helps monitor the disease and see how well treatments work. As research grows, urine testing’s role in cancer diagnosis will likely increase, giving hope to patients and doctors.
Bladder Cancer and Urine Testing: The Strongest Connection
Bladder cancer is closely linked to urine testing, making it easier to catch early. The bladder touches urine, which can carry cancer cells. This makes urine tests great for finding bladder cancer.
Why Bladder Cancer is Most Easily Detected in Urine
Bladder cancer cells often fall into the urine. This makes urine tests very good at finding bladder cancer. They can look for cells or genetic material in the urine.
We use different urine tests to find bladder cancer. Each test has its own strengths and weaknesses. The most common tests are:
- Urine cytology: Looks for cancerous changes in urine cells.
- Urine-based tumor markers: Finds proteins or genetic material linked to bladder cancer.
- Molecular tests: Checks for genetic mutations or expressions in urine.
Specific Tests for Bladder Cancer
There are several urine tests for bladder cancer. Some of the most well-known are:
| Test Name | Description | Accuracy |
| UroVysion | Uses FISH to find genetic changes in urine cells. | High sensitivity for high-grade tumors |
| NMP22 | Looks for nuclear matrix protein 22, often found in bladder cancer. | Moderate sensitivity, high specificity |
| BTA (Bladder Tumor Antigen) | Checks for a protein released by bladder cancer cells into urine. | Variable sensitivity, moderate specificity |
As shown in the table, different tests have different levels of sensitivity and specificity. This lets doctors pick the best test for each patient.
Accuracy and Limitations
Urine tests for bladder cancer have big advantages but also some limits. The cancer’s stage and grade, and the patient’s health, can affect how accurate the tests are.
A study in the Journal of Urology found that urine test sensitivity for bladder cancer can be between 50% and over 90%. But no test is perfect. Using several tests together can improve accuracy.
One researcher said, “The perfect bladder cancer marker should be easy, affordable, and very accurate for diagnosis and follow-up.”
We keep working to make urine tests for bladder cancer better. Research is ongoing to improve accuracy, find new markers, and understand how urine and bladder cancer are connected.
Kidney Cancer Detection Through Urine Analysis
Recent studies show urine analysis can find kidney cancer biomarkers. This non-invasive method could change how we detect and treat kidney cancer early.
Kidney Cancer Biomarkers in Urine
Kidney cancer leaves behind markers in bodily fluids like urine. Biomarkers such as proteins, genetic mutations, or other cellular components linked to kidney cancer can be found in urine. This makes urine a possible way to detect the disease.
Researchers have found several urine biomarkers for kidney cancer, like aquaporin-1 and perilipin-2. These biomarkers can tell kidney cancer apart from other conditions with similar symptoms.
Combining Urine Tests with Imaging for Kidney Cancer
Urine tests work best when combined with imaging techniques for diagnosing kidney cancer. Imaging studies like CT scans or MRI show tumor size and location. This info is key for treatment planning.
Using urine biomarker tests and imaging together can improve diagnosis. For example, a positive urine test might lead to more imaging. This could help find kidney cancer sooner.
Recent Advances in Kidney Cancer Urine Testing
The field of urine analysis for kidney cancer is growing fast. Recent advances include more sensitive biomarker tests and new biomarkers to find more cases.
Also, research aims to make urine collection easier and standard. This could make urine tests a big part of kidney cancer screening and early detection in the future.
Prostate Cancer and Urine-Based Diagnostics
Urine tests are becoming more popular for finding prostate cancer because they’re easy and don’t hurt. Finding cancer early is key, and urine tests might help with that.
PCA3 and Other Prostate Cancer Markers
PCA3 is a big deal in urine tests for prostate cancer. It’s a gene that prostate cancer cells have too much of. The PCA3 test checks how much PCA3 mRNA is in your urine after a DRE. It’s better at finding cancer than the PSA test.
Other markers are being looked at too. Scientists want to find more ways to spot cancer in urine.
Post-DRE Urine Collection for Prostate Testing
Getting urine after a DRE is important for testing. The DRE makes cancer cells go into the urine. This makes it easier to find cancer markers.
- The urine sample is taken after a DRE.
- The first urine is usually used for the test.
- The sample goes to a lab for checking.
Limitations of Urine Testing for Prostate Cancer
Urine tests are helpful but not perfect. They can give wrong results sometimes. Not all cancers show up in these tests.
Key limitations include:
- They’re not always accurate
- They can give false results
- They might miss some cancers
Even with these issues, urine tests are getting better. They might help find and treat prostate cancer better in the future.
Other Cancers That May Be Detected Through Urine Tests
Medical research is making big strides. Now, we can find cancers like cervical, ovarian, and colorectal through urine tests. We’re looking into how urine tests can spot these and other cancers.
Cervical and Ovarian Cancers
Studies show that urine can hold clues to cervical and ovarian cancers. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, linked to cervical cancer, is found in urine. Researchers are working hard to see if urine tests can help screen and track these cancers.
Key findings include:
- HPV DNA in urine is linked to cervical cancer
- Urine tests can spot specific proteins and biomarkers for ovarian cancer
Colorectal Cancer Markers
Colorectal cancer affects the colon and rectum. Research is looking into urine tests for this cancer too. Early findings suggest urine may hold markers for colorectal cancer. This could lead to new, non-invasive screening methods.
Emerging Research on Other Cancer Types
Researchers are also exploring urine tests for other cancers. It seems urine might hold biomarkers for many cancers. This could be a powerful tool for catching cancer early and tracking it.
Some areas of ongoing research include:
- Lung cancer detection through volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine
- Breast cancer markers in urine, such as specific proteins and metabolites
- Pancreatic cancer detection using urine-based tests for certain biomarkers
As we learn more about urine tests in cancer detection, we see a bright future. Early diagnosis and better patient care are within reach. The progress is exciting, and we’re eager to see what’s next.
White Blood Cells in Urine: Cancer or Other Conditions?
White blood cells in urine, or leukocyturia, can point to many health issues. This includes infections and serious conditions like cancer. Finding elevated white blood cells (WBCs) in urine is a sign we need to pay attention to.
What Elevated WBCs in Urine Indicate
Elevated WBCs in urine usually mean our body is fighting an infection or inflammation in the urinary tract. This could be a urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacteria. But, WBCs can also be linked to kidney infections or inflammation.
To understand what elevated WBCs mean, let’s look at this table:
| Condition | Common Causes | Typical Symptoms |
| Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) | Bacterial infection | Burning during urination, frequent urination |
| Kidney Infection | Bacterial infection spreading to the kidneys | Back pain, fever, nausea |
| Interstitial Nephritis | Allergic reaction, certain medications | Rash, fever, decreased urine output |
When to Be Concerned About Cancer
While infections are the main reason for elevated WBCs in urine, sometimes it could be cancer. For example, bladder or kidney cancer might cause WBCs in the urine. But, it’s important to remember that WBCs alone don’t mean you have cancer.
It’s essential to consult a healthcare provider if you keep finding WBCs in your urine. This is true if you also have blood in your urine, unexplained weight loss, or persistent pain.
“The presence of white blood cells in urine warrants a thorough investigation to determine its cause, as it can be indicative of various conditions, ranging from infections to malignancies.”
Other Causes of White Blood Cells in Urine
There are other reasons for elevated WBCs in urine, apart from infections and cancer. These include:
- Kidney stones
- Interstitial nephritis (inflammation of the kidney tubules)
- Certain medications
- Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland)
We need to work with our healthcare provider to find out why we have WBCs in our urine. This might involve more tests, imaging studies, or other procedures. The goal is to find the cause and create a treatment plan.
Blood in Urine (Hematuria): Cancer Warning Sign or Something Else?
Blood in urine, known as hematuria, can mean different things. It might show infections or even cancer. Knowing why it happens is key to figuring out what to do next.
Types of Hematuria and Their Significance
Hematuria is split into microscopic and gross types. Microscopic means blood cells only seen under a microscope. Gross hematuria makes urine look pink, red, or cola-colored. Both types need to be checked out.
We’ll look at why hematuria happens, including its link to cancer. But remember, it’s not just about cancer.
Cancers Associated with Blood in Urine
Several cancers can lead to hematuria, such as:
- Bladder cancer
- Kidney cancer
- Prostate cancer
- Ureteral cancer
These cancers can bleed because of tumors or other issues in the urinary tract. Doctors often do more tests if they find hematuria to check for cancer.
Non-Cancer Causes of Hematuria
Hematuria isn’t always cancer. Other reasons include:
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
- Kidney stones
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
- Injury to the urinary tract
- Certain medications
Getting a full medical check-up is important to find out why you have hematuria. Don’t guess or worry too much. Just get professional advice.
In short, hematuria is a serious sign that needs quick medical help. It might mean cancer, but there are many other reasons too. A detailed check-up is needed to find the cause and the right treatment.
Urine DNA Testing: Technology and Applications
Urine DNA testing is changing diagnostics with a non-invasive way to look at genes. It could change how we find and track health issues, like cancer.
Methods for Extracting DNA from Urine
Getting DNA from urine uses advanced methods. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is key for making DNA in urine samples big enough to study.
Other ways include next-generation sequencing (NGS) for detailed genetic checks and digital PCR for precise DNA counts.
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
- NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing)
- Digital PCR
Accuracy of Urine DNA Tests
How accurate urine DNA tests are matters a lot. Research shows they can be very good, even better with other tests.
Things that affect how accurate they are include the urine quality, how DNA is taken out, and what genes are looked at.
Current Clinical Applications
Urine DNA testing is used in many ways, like finding cancer genes. It’s a gentler way than old biopsy methods.
Some main uses are:
- Watching for cancer coming back
- Finding cancer genes in patients
- Seeing if cancer treatments work
Cost and Accessibility Factors
The price and who can get urine DNA tests matter a lot. Even though it’s getting better, we need to make sure it’s affordable for many people.
We need to make testing standards and lower costs. This will help make urine DNA testing common in medicine.
Comparing Urine Tests to Other Cancer Detection Methods
It’s important to compare different ways to find cancer. We need to see how urine tests compare to other common methods.
Urine Tests vs. Blood Tests
Urine and blood tests are both easy and safe for finding cancer. Blood tests are more common, but urine tests have their own benefits. For example, urine tests are better for finding bladder cancer.
But blood tests can find more types of cancer. It depends on the patient and the cancer type. A urine test might be better for bladder cancer history, while blood tests are good for a wide range of cancers.
Urine Tests vs. Imaging Studies
Imaging like CT scans and MRIs show detailed body pictures. They’re great for finding tumors and tracking cancer. But, they cost more and might risk radiation.
Urine tests are cheap, safe, and don’t use radiation. They might not show as much detail, but they’re good for first checks or follow-ups.
Urine Tests vs. Tissue Biopsies
Tissue biopsies take a tissue sample for a close look. They’re very accurate but are invasive and risky.
Urine tests are less invasive and can find cancer markers or genetic changes. They’re not as sure as biopsies but are useful for first checks or follow-ups.
When Each Method is Most Appropriate
Choosing a cancer detection method depends on many things. Like the cancer type, patient history, and cancer stage. Urine tests are great for bladder cancer and can be part of a full screening.
We suggest using a mix of urine tests, blood tests, imaging, and biopsies as needed. Knowing each method’s strengths and weaknesses helps doctors make the best choices for patients.
Liquid Biopsy: The Future of Cancer Detection in Urine
Urine-based liquid biopsies are changing how we detect cancer. They are non-invasive and might be more accurate than traditional methods. Liquid biopsies look for cancer biomarkers in urine, like DNA and proteins.
Mechanism of Liquid Biopsies
Liquid biopsies find cancer in urine by looking for specific molecules. They use advanced tech to spot tiny amounts of DNA or proteins from cancer cells. The process includes collecting a sample, isolating biomarkers, and analyzing them.
New methods like PCR and next-generation sequencing help find cancer genes. These advancements are key to improving liquid biopsy technology.
Advantages Over Traditional Biopsies
Liquid biopsies are non-invasive, which means they’re safer and more comfortable for patients. They can also find cancer early and track how it changes over time.
Here’s a comparison of liquid biopsies and traditional biopsies:
| Characteristics | Liquid Biopsy | Traditional Tissue Biopsy |
| Invasiveness | Non-invasive | Invasive |
| Risk of Complications | Low | Moderate to High |
| Potential for Early Detection | High | Limited |
Current Research and Future Potentials
Researchers are working hard to prove that liquid biopsies are reliable for cancer detection. They’re studying how well these tests can find cancer biomarkers in urine. They also want to see if combining liquid biopsies with other tests can improve detection rates.
The future of liquid biopsies looks bright. They could help track how well treatments work and catch cancer coming back. As tech gets better, we’ll see more accurate urine tests.
Emerging Technologies in Urine-Based Cancer Detection
New tech is being developed to make urine tests better. This includes better genomic sequencing, finding new biomarkers, and improving how samples are processed. For example, scientists are creating biosensors to find cancer biomarkers in urine.
As these new technologies grow, urine-based liquid biopsies will play a big role in fighting cancer. They offer a more comfortable and possibly more effective way to diagnose cancer.
Limitations and Challenges of Urine Tests for Cancer Detection
Urine tests are promising for finding cancer but face many challenges. They are non-invasive and might be cheaper than other tests. But, we need to fix some big issues to make them more reliable.
False Positives and False Negatives
One big problem is false positives and negatives. False positives cause worry and extra tests. False negatives make people think they’re okay when they’re not. We must make these tests better to avoid these mistakes.
Sample Collection and Storage Issues
Getting and keeping urine samples right is key. Things like when you collect it and how you store it can mess up the results. We need to make sure everyone collects and stores samples the same way.
Interpretation Challenges
Understanding urine test results is hard. It takes special skills and tools to get it right. We need better tools that are easy to use so more people can get accurate results.
Regulatory and Standardization Hurdles
Rules and standards are also big hurdles. We need clear guidelines for these tests. This will help make sure they’re safe and work well.
By tackling these issues, we can make urine tests better for finding and tracking cancer. This will help patients get better care.
When Should You Get a Urine Test for Cancer Screening?
Deciding to get a urine test for cancer screening depends on several factors. These include your risk factors, symptoms, and guidelines. We’ll look at these in detail to help you know when to get tested.
Risk Factors That Warrant Testing
Some risk factors make you more likely to get cancers that urine tests can find. These include:
- Age: As you get older, your risk for many cancers goes up.
- Family History: If your family has had certain cancers, you might be at higher risk.
- Smoking: Smoking greatly increases your risk for bladder and other cancers.
- Exposure to Certain Chemicals: Working with certain chemicals can also raise your cancer risk.
Symptoms That Should Prompt Testing
If you notice hematuria (blood in your urine), or if you’re urinating too often or in pain, you should get a urine test. These signs might mean you have cancer. Always talk to a healthcare provider if you have these symptoms.
Recommended Screening Guidelines
Screening guidelines vary, but generally, people at high risk or with symptoms should talk to their doctor about urine tests. For example, those over 50 or who have smoked a lot might need to be screened.
| Risk Factor | Guideline Recommendation |
| Age > 50 | Discuss screening with healthcare provider |
| History of Smoking | Consider annual screening |
| Family History of Cancer | Early screening recommended |
Discussing Testing with Your Healthcare Provider
Talking openly with your healthcare provider about your risk factors and symptoms is key. They can advise on whether a urine test is right for you. They’ll consider your medical history and current health.
The Proper Process for Collecting a Urine Sample
Getting a urine sample right is key for accurate test results. We’ll show you how to collect it correctly. This is important for many medical tests, like cancer screening.
Clean Catch Technique
The clean catch technique helps get a urine sample without contamination. Here’s how to do it:
- First, clean your genital area with soap and water.
- Then, start urinating and catch the middle part in a sterile container.
- Lastly, finish urinating in the toilet.
This method makes sure your urine sample is clean and free from outside bacteria or cells.
Timing and Storage Considerations
When and how you store your urine sample matters a lot. We suggest:
- Collect it in the morning when your urine is most concentrated.
- Keep it cool and dark if you can’t get it to the lab right away.
- Get it to the lab within a few hours of collecting.
Handling and storing it right keeps the sample good.
Special Collection Methods for Cancer Testing
For cancer tests, you might need special ways to collect your urine. This could include:
- Urine collection over 24 hours to measure total substances.
- Using special preservatives in the container.
- Following certain diets before the test.
Your doctor will tell you exactly what you need to do for your test.
Common Collection Mistakes to Avoid
To make sure your urine test is reliable, avoid these mistakes:
- Not cleaning your genital area before collecting.
- Touching the inside of the container.
- Not storing the sample correctly.
- Submitting a sample that’s too small.
By avoiding these, you help make sure your test results are accurate.
Conclusion: The Role of Urine Testing in Cancer Diagnosis and Monitoring
Urine testing is key in finding and tracking cancer. It’s a way to check for the disease without surgery. We’ve looked at how urine tests work in cancer diagnosis.
Urine tests play a crucial role in detecting bladder and kidney cancers by identifying genetic changes and cancer markers.
New tech is making urine tests better. This means we can find cancer sooner and treat it more effectively.
We think urine testing will play a big role in fighting cancer. It’s a simple way to keep an eye on how cancer is doing and how well treatments are working.
FAQ
Can a urine test detect cancer?
Yes, urine tests can find certain cancers, like bladder and kidney cancer.
Is there DNA in urine?
Yes, urine has DNA. It can be tested for cancer-related genetic changes.
What types of urine tests are available for cancer detection?
There are many urine tests for cancer. These include standard urinalysis and genetic testing.
What cancer markers can be detected in urine?
Urine tests look for proteins and genetic changes linked to cancer.
Why is bladder cancer easily detected through urine tests?
Bladder cancer is often found in urine. This is because cancer cells from the bladder end up in urine.
Can urine tests detect prostate cancer?
Yes, tests like the PCA3 can find prostate cancer, after a digital rectal exam.
What does the presence of white blood cells in urine indicate?
White blood cells in urine might mean infection, inflammation, or cancer. More tests are needed.
Is blood in urine always a sign of cancer?
No, blood in urine can mean many things, like cancer, infections, or kidney stones.
How accurate are urine DNA tests for cancer detection?
Urine DNA tests are getting better. Their accuracy depends on the test and the cancer type.
What are the advantages of urine tests over other cancer detection methods?
Urine tests are easy and might find cancer early. They’re also less invasive than some other tests.
What are the limitations of urine tests for cancer detection?
Urine tests can give false results. They need proper collection and storage. They’re not for all cancers.
When should I consider getting a urine test for cancer screening?
If you’re at risk or have symptoms, talk to your doctor about urine tests.
How should I collect a urine sample for cancer testing?
Use the clean catch method. Follow timing and storage guidelines. Special methods might be needed.
Can urine tests replace other cancer detection methods?
Urine tests won’t replace all methods. But they’re a useful, non-invasive screening option.
Are urine tests for cancer widely available?
Availability of urine tests for cancer varies. It depends on where you are and the healthcare system.
