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Cryotherapy is a standard first-line destructive therapy for genital warts. It involves applying liquid nitrogen, at -196 degrees Celsius, directly to the wart. This extreme cold causes the water inside wart cells to crystallize, rupturing cell membranes and leading to tissue death.
The treatment is quick and performed in the office. It induces a blister to form beneath the wart, which eventually scabs and falls off, taking the wart with it. Multiple sessions are often required for complete clearance. It is effective for small to medium-sized lesions.
Electrocautery uses high-frequency electrical current to burn and destroy the wart tissue. A metal probe is heated by the current and applied to the lesion, causing immediate thermal coagulative necrosis. This method is effective for removing larger warts that might be resistant to freezing.
The procedure is performed under local anesthesia to numb the area. It removes the visible wart immediately and simultaneously cauterizes blood vessels to prevent bleeding. Scabbing occurs post-procedure and heals over a few weeks.
Surgical excision involves physically cutting the wart off the skin using surgical scissors or a scalpel. This method is often reserved for huge, pedunculated, or extensive warts where other methods would be ineffective or take too long. It is also used when a biopsy is needed.
The procedure is done under local anesthesia. The surgeon removes the wart down to the base and may close the wound with stitches. This provides immediate viral load clearance and a lower recurrence rate for the specific treated lesion compared to destructive therapies.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) laser therapy is a precise method for vaporizing wart tissue. The laser energy is absorbed by the water in the cells, instantly turning the tissue into steam. This allows layer-by-layer removal with minimal damage to the surrounding healthy skin.
Laser therapy is beneficial for extensive warts, intra-urethral warts, or vaginal warts where precision is paramount. It is often performed in an operating room under general or regional anesthesia for extensive cases. It cauterizes as it cuts, minimizing bleeding.
LEEP is primarily used for removing warts and dysplastic cells from the cervix. It utilizes a thin wire loop that carries an electrical current. The loop acts like a scalpel, slicing through the tissue to cleanly remove the lesion.
This procedure allows for the removal of the abnormal tissue while preserving it for pathological examination. It is performed under local anesthesia. LEEP is the standard of care for high-grade cervical dysplasia caused by HPV, but can also be used for large exophytic cervical warts.
Podophyllotoxin is a plant-derived antimitotic agent that stops the wart cells from dividing. Arresting cell division causes the tissue to die and slough off. It is available as a solution, gel, or cream for patient application.
This treatment is best for small clusters of warts. It is applied in cycles (e.g., twice daily for 3 days, followed by 4 days off) for up to 4 weeks. It acts faster than immunomodulators but can cause significant local irritation and skin erosion.
TCA is a strong acid that chemically burns the wart tissue. It acts by coagulating the proteins in the cells, causing them to die and turn white (frosting). The dead tissue then peels off over the next few days.
A healthcare provider must apply this treatment to avoid damage to the surrounding healthy skin. It is safe for use during pregnancy and is effective for small, moist lesions. Multiple weekly applications are usually required.
Sinecatechins ointment is a botanical drug derived from green tea leaves. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood but involves antioxidant activity and inhibition of cell proliferation. It is approved for the treatment of external genital and perianal warts.
This is a gentler option compared to acids or cytotoxins. It is applied three times daily for up to 16 weeks. It offers a natural alternative with a lower side-effect profile, though the treatment duration is more prolonged.
Intralesional injection of interferon is a therapy reserved for recalcitrant warts that have failed all other treatments. Interferon is a protein that naturally fights viruses. Injecting it directly into the wart boosts the antiviral defense.
This treatment is expensive, painful, and associated with systemic side effects, such as flu-like symptoms. Therefore, it is rarely used as a first-line treatment but remains an option for complex, recurring cases.
PDT involves applying a photosensitizing agent (such as ALA) to the warts, which is absorbed by rapidly dividing viral cells. The area is then exposed to a specific wavelength of light, which activates the chemical, creating toxic oxygen molecules that destroy the wart cells.
This therapy is selective, sparing healthy tissue. It is effective for broad areas of small warts. However, it can be painful during the light activation phase and requires strict light avoidance afterward to prevent burns.
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In rare cases, yes. If you have poor dental hygiene and bleeding gums, vigorous brushing can push bacteria into the bloodstream. However, maintaining excellent oral hygiene is actually the best way to prevent endocarditis, as it reduces the overall load of harmful bacteria in your mouth.
Yes, endocarditis is curable, but it requires prompt and aggressive treatment. Most patients need several weeks of intravenous (IV) antibiotics. In some cases, heart surgery is also required to repair damaged valves and clear the infection.
It is relatively uncommon in the general population, affecting fewer than 10 in every 100,000 people per year. However, the risk is much higher for older adults, people with artificial heart valves, and those with a history of intravenous drug use.
Stress itself does not cause endocarditis. It is caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. However, chronic stress can weaken your immune system, making it harder for your body to fight off infections if bacteria do enter your bloodstream.
Not always. Many cases are successfully treated with antibiotics alone, especially if caught early. Surgery is typically reserved for cases where the heart valve is severely damaged, the infection is not responding to medicine, or there are complications like heart failure or abscesses.
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