What is Low Sperm Count (Oligospermia)?
Low sperm count, also known as oligospermia, is defined as having fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter of semen. This condition can lower the chances of fertilizing an egg and may lead to male infertility.
What is Low Sperm Count (Oligospermia)?
What is oligospermia, and how does it affect male fertility?
Defining Normal vs. Low Sperm Count
According to WHO standards, normal semen contains at least 15 million sperm per milliliter. Oligospermia refers to sperm counts below this threshold, which can significantly reduce fertility potential.
Understanding Semen Analysis Parameters
A standard semen analysis measures:
- Sperm concentration (count)
- Motility (ability to move)
- Morphology (shape and structure)
- Volume, pH, and liquefaction time
These combined results help guide the diagnosis of low sperm count and inform treatment decisions.sions..
Difference Between Oligospermia and Azoospermia
The difference between oligospermia and azoospermia is that oligospermia involves a low sperm count, The difference between oligospermia and azoospermia is that oligospermia involves a low sperm count, whereas azoospermia means a complete absence of sperm in the semen.
Oligospermia = Low sperm count in semen
Azoospermia = No detectable sperm
While both can result in infertility, the underlying diagnostic process, causes of low sperm count, and available treatments may differ significantly.
Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms of Low Sperm Count
Are There Obvious Symptoms?
Most men with low sperm count do not have noticeable symptoms. Typically, the first sign is difficulty conceiving, even after trying for 12 months.
Potential Underlying Conditions with Symptoms
Associated warning signs of low sperm count may include:
- Sexual dysfunction (erectile issues, low libido)
- Testicular pain, swelling, or lumps
- Hormonal symptoms: low energy and gynecomastia
- Smaller testicle size
When to Seek Medical Advice
Associated warning signs of low sperm count may include:
- Sexual dysfunction (erectile issues, low libido)
- Testicular pain, swelling, or lumps
- Hormonal symptoms: low energy and gynecomastia
- Smaller testicle size
Exploring the Causes and Risk Factors for Oligospermia
Risk factors for low sperm count include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, certain medications, hormonal imbalances, and exposure to environmental toxins or excessive heat.
Medical Causes
- Varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum) ” the most common treatable cause of low sperm count
- Infections (e.g., epididymitis, prostatitis)
- Hormonal imbalances (low testosterone, high prolactin)
- Obstructions blocking sperm ejaculation
- Testicular tumors or injury
Genetic Factors
- Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY karyotype)
- Y-chromosome microdeletions
These factors can disrupt sperm production at the cellular level.
Environmental Factors
- Exposure to heavy metals, pesticides, or radiation.
- Heat exposure such as frequent sauna use, tight underwear, laptops on lap.
Lifestyle Factors
- Smoking, alcohol, recreational drugs
- Obesity and poor diet
- Chronic stress
Medications and Treatments
- Anabolic steroids
- Chemotherapy, radiotherapy
- Certain antibiotics and antiepileptic drugs
Causes of oligospermia include hormonal imbalances, infections, certain lifestyle factors, and genetic conditions.
Diagnosing Low Sperm Count at Liv Hospital
Comprehensive Medical History and Physical Examination
A detailed evaluation includes:
- Medical, surgical, and reproductive history
- Sexual and general health review
- Physical exam checking testicle size, varicoceles, masses
Semen Analysis: The Cornerstone of Diagnosis
Semen analysis is performed at Liv's advanced andrology lab, assessing sperm count, motility, and morphology. Repeat samples may be required to ensure accurate results.
Hormonal Testing
Blood tests assess testosterone, FSH, LH, prolactin revealing endocrine causes.
Genetic Testing
When needed, genetic tests identify chromosomal issues (e.g., Y‘chromosome deletions, Klinefelter).
Testicular Biopsy
Used when noninvasive tests suggest sperm production with no sperm in semen, to guide sperm retrieval for ART.
Advanced Imaging Techniques
Scrotal ultrasound identifies varicocele or blockages. Transrectal ultrasound assesses ejaculatory ducts.
Effective Treatment Options for Low Sperm Count
Treatment for oligospermia depends on its underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle modifications, or assisted reproductive techniques.
Lifestyle Modifications and Natural Approaches
Often the first step:
- Balanced diet rich in antioxidants, zinc, vitamins
- Regular exercise and healthy BMI
- Avoid tobacco, drugs, excessive alcohol
- Lower stress (e.g., meditation, sleep hygiene)
- Avoid heat exposure
Medical Treatments
- Hormonal therapy for testosterone or gonadotropin deficiencies
- Antibiotics when infections are present
Surgical Interventions
- Varicocele repair, often microsurgery
- Obstruction removal, in cases like ejaculatory duct blockage
- Sperm retrieval (e.g., PESA, TESE) for azoospermia or severe oligospermia.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
When natural or surgical treatments are unsuccessful, or if sperm count is extremely low:
- IUI (intrauterine insemination) when sperm quality is moderately reduced
- IVF or ICSI, especially in severe cases or with testicular sperm retrieval
Supplements and Vitamins: What Does the Evidence Say?
Certain nutrients such as zinc, folic acid, CoQ10, vitamin D, and L-carnitine may help improve sperm parameters. However, evidence varies, and these supplements should only be used under medical supervision.
Complications Associated with Low Sperm Count
Complications of low sperm count may include infertility, emotional distress, relationship challenges, and an increased need for assisted reproductive treatments.
Challenges with Natural Conception
A lower sperm count reduces the chances of fertilization and may require medical intervention to achieve pregnancy.
Male Infertility Impact
Unresolved infertility can affect physical health, relationship quality, and cause isolation.
Psychological Stress and Relationship Strain
Feelings of inadequacy, guilt, anxiety, and depression are common. Partner support and counseling are essential for coping with these emotional challenges.
Preventing Low Sperm Count: Proactive Measures
Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle
Maintaining a balanced diet and engaging in regular exercise help promote reproductive health.
Avoiding Environmental Toxins and Excessive Heat
Use protective gear, avoid prolonged heat exposure to the groin.
Managing Chronic Health Conditions
Manage diabetes, hypertension, and hormone disorders to prevent fertility impact.
Regular Health Check-ups
Regular health check-ups support long-term reproductive health.
Turkey: A Leading Destination for Male Fertility Treatment
Advantages of Seeking Medical Care in Turkey
A global destination for affordable, high-quality fertility care.
High Standards of Healthcare and Technology
Modern hospitals with international accreditation and state-of-the-art technology.
Experienced Specialists and Success Rates
Turkish specialists in male low sperm count infertility and high ART success rates make it a preferred option.
Why Choose Liv Hospital for Low Sperm Count Treatment?
Treatment for low sperm count may involve lifestyle modifications, medications, hormone therapy, or surgical procedures, depending on the underlying cause.
Expert Urology and Andrology Team
Our urologists and andrologists have years of experience specializing in male infertility and low sperm count.
State-of-the‘Art Diagnostic and Treatment Technologies
We utilize advanced diagnostic tools such as precision semen analysis, microsurgical interventions, and state-of-the-art robotic surgery to deliver comprehensive care.
Comprehensive Male Infertility Services (Including IVF)
We cover the full spectrum”from diagnosis through IUI, IVF, ICSI, and sperm retrieval.
Personalized Treatment Plans
Individualized plans tailored to each patient's medical history, diagnosis, and goals.
Dedicated International Patient Services
From travel coordination to translator support, we ensure seamless international care.
* Liv Hospital Editorial Board has contributed to the publication of this content .
* The contents of this page are for informational purposes only. Please consult your doctor for diagnosis and treatment. This page does not provide information on medicinal health care at Liv Hospital.
For more information about our academic and training initiatives, visit Liv Hospital Academy
Frequently Asked Questions
What is low sperm count?
It means having fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter of semen, which can reduce the chance of natural conception.
Does low sperm count cause symptoms?
Most men have no symptoms. Some may notice sexual discomfort, hormonal changes, or testicular pain depending on the underlying cause.
How is low sperm count diagnosed?
A semen analysis is the main test. Hormone tests, ultrasound, or genetic testing may also be used if needed.
What causes low sperm count?
Causes include varicocele, infections, hormonal imbalances, genetics, heat exposure, smoking, alcohol, medications, or obesity.
Can low sperm count be treated?
Yes. Treatment may involve lifestyle changes, medication, surgery such as varicocele repair, or assisted reproduction like IVF or ICSI.
Can I get pregnant naturally with low sperm count?
It depends on how low the count is and other health factors. Many couples still conceive naturally with mild to moderate oligospermia.
Why choose Liv Hospital for male fertility care?
Liv Hospital offers expert urologists, advanced diagnostics, microsurgery, and full fertility services including IVF, ICSI, and sperm retrieval.