Hematology: Amazing Scary Fatigue Disorders

Fatigue is a widespread and often severe symptom that affects millions globally. At Liv Hospital, we know that fatigue can signal underlying blood disorders. For example, anemia impacts about 2 billion people worldwide.

Blood disorders can greatly reduce energy, affecting both physical and mental health. Our team of experts focuses on hematology care. We create personalized treatment plans to tackle fatigue and other blood issues.

By understanding the connection between blood disorders and fatigue, we can better diagnose and treat them. At Liv Hospital, we use advanced medical technology and compassionate care. This ensures our patients get the best results.

Key Takeaways

• Fatigue is a common symptom of underlying blood disorders.
• Anemia is a prevalent condition affecting approximately 2 billion people worldwide.
• Blood disorders can significantly impact both physical and mental health.
• Liv Hospital offers specialized hematology care with personalized treatment plans.
• Understanding the link between blood disorders and fatigue is key for effective diagnosis and treatment.

The Vital Relationship Between Blood and Energy

Energy in our bodies depends on blood carrying oxygen well. This is key to understanding why some blood disorders make us tired. We’ll see how blood moves oxygen and why hemoglobin is so important.

How Blood Transports Oxygen Throughout the Body

Blood carries oxygen from our lungs to our body’s tissues. This happens through the circulatory system. The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to different parts of our body. Then, cells use this oxygen to make energy.

The protein hemoglobin in red blood cells helps with this. It grabs oxygen in the lungs and carries it to our tissues.

Component	Function
Hemoglobin	Binds to oxygen for transport
Red Blood Cells	Carries hemoglobin throughout the body
Oxyhemoglobin	The form of hemoglobin bound to oxygen

The Critical Role of Hemoglobin in Energy Production

Hemoglobin is vital for energy production. It makes sure oxygen gets to our tissues. Without enough hemoglobin or working red blood cells, we might feel tired and have other symptoms.

Issues with hemoglobin, like hemoglobinopathy, can really affect our energy. Knowing about these problems is key for doctors to help us.

Anemia: The Leading Cause of Fatigue-Related Blood Disorders

Anemia is a major cause of fatigue in people with blood disorders. It happens when there aren’t enough red blood cells. These cells carry oxygen to the body’s tissues and organs.

Without enough red blood cells, the body gets less oxygen. This leads to feeling tired and weak.

Global Impact: Affecting 2 Billion People Worldwide

Anemia affects about 2 billion people globally. It’s a big health problem worldwide. Nearly a quarter of the world’s population has anemia.

The highest numbers are in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Anemia has big economic and social impacts. Anemia affects nearly 1/4 of people, showing we need better ways to fight it.

The Physiological Mechanism of Fatigue in Anemia

Fatigue in anemia comes from the blood’s reduced ability to carry oxygen. With fewer or dysfunctional red blood cells, tissues don’t get enough oxygen. This makes the body tired because it can’t make energy.

The body tries to compensate by working harder. This can make you feel even more exhausted.

Key factors contributing to fatigue in anemia include:

• Reduced oxygen delivery to tissues and organs
• Dysfunctional or decreased red blood cells
• Compensatory mechanisms like increased heart rate

Iron Deficiency Anemia: Most Common Type

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide. It affects millions of people. This happens when the body lacks enough iron to make hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

Primary Causes and Risk Factors

Several factors lead to iron deficiency anemia. These include:

• Inadequate iron intake through diet
• Chronic blood loss due to conditions like heavy menstrual periods or gastrointestinal ulcers
• Increased iron requirements during pregnancy
• Poor absorption of iron due to certain medical conditions or surgeries

Knowing these risk factors is key to preventing and treating the condition early.

Symptoms Beyond Fatigue: Pallor, Weakness, and Cognitive Effects

While fatigue is a common symptom, iron deficiency anemia shows in other ways too. These include:

• Pale skin (pallor) due to reduced hemoglobin
• Weakness and lack of energy
• Cognitive impairments, such as difficulty concentrating
• Shortness of breath during physical activities

These symptoms can greatly affect a person’s life. This highlights the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.

Diagnostic Criteria and Testing

Diagnosing iron deficiency anemia requires a mix of clinical evaluation, lab tests, and sometimes more tests. Key tests include:

Test	Description	Significance
Complete Blood Count (CBC)	Measures hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell indices	Helps identify anemia and its severity
Serum Ferritin	Measures stored iron levels	Low levels indicate iron deficiency
Iron Studies	Includes serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation	Provides insights into iron metabolism and deficiency

For more detailed information on anemia, you can refer to the World Health Organization’s fact sheet on anemia. It offers a deep dive into the condition, its prevalence, and management strategies.

Vitamin-Related Anemias and Chronic Fatigue

Anemia caused by vitamin deficiencies can lead to chronic fatigue. This condition affects millions worldwide. It happens when the body lacks essential vitamins for healthy red blood cells.

These deficiencies can come from not eating enough of these vitamins, not absorbing them well, or needing more of them.

B12 Deficiency (Pernicious Anemia)

Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of vitamin B12. It makes people feel extremely tired and weak. It also causes neurological changes.

Treatment usually involves vitamin B12 injections or high-dose oral supplements.

Folate Deficiency Anemia

Folate deficiency anemia happens when there’s not enough folate. Folate is key for DNA and red blood cells. It can come from a bad diet, some medicines, or needing more during pregnancy.

Symptoms are similar to B12 deficiency and include fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath.

Folate supplementation is usually effective in correcting this deficiency.

Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Connection to Fatigue

Vitamin D deficiency doesn’t directly cause anemia but is linked to fatigue and muscle weakness. Vitamin D is important for bone health and the immune system. Deficiencies are common, mainly in those with little sun or certain health issues.

Vitamin D supplementation can help alleviate fatigue in deficient individuals.

Vitamin Deficiency	Causes	Symptoms	Treatment
Vitamin B12	Lack of intrinsic factor, malabsorption	Fatigue, weakness, neurological changes	B12 injections or oral supplements
Folate	Poor diet, certain medications, pregnancy	Fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath	Folate supplementation
Vitamin D	Limited sun exposure, certain medical conditions	Fatigue, muscle weakness	Vitamin D supplementation

In conclusion, vitamin-related anemias are big causes of chronic fatigue. Knowing the specific vitamin deficiencies is key for managing and treating them. By fixing these deficiencies with supplements and better diet, people can feel much better and live better lives.

Hemolytic Anemias: When Red Blood Cells Break Down

Hemolytic anemias are disorders where red blood cells break down too early. This leads to health problems. It causes fatigue because the blood can’t carry enough oxygen.

We’ll look at the types of hemolytic anemias, their causes, symptoms, and how they affect people. Knowing about these conditions helps us find better treatments and improve patient care.

Sickle Cell Disease and Fatigue Patterns

Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder that affects hemoglobin production. It makes red blood cells sickle-shaped. These cells can get stuck in blood vessels, causing pain and other issues. Fatigue is a common symptom because sickled cells can’t carry oxygen well.

People with sickle cell disease often feel tired. The level of fatigue can change based on pain crises, other health problems, and treatment success.

Thalassemia Spectrum Disorders

Thalassemia is a genetic disorder that affects hemoglobin production. It causes anemia and other problems because of reduced or missing globin chains. The severity of thalassemia can vary widely, from mild to severe needing blood transfusions.

Fatigue is a big problem for many with thalassemia, more so for those with severe forms. Managing fatigue involves treatments to improve anemia and reduce symptoms.

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) happens when the immune system attacks the body’s red blood cells. This leads to anemia and fatigue. The diagnosis of AIHA involves identifying the presence of these autoantibodies through specific blood tests.

Treatment for AIHA includes immunosuppressive medications to stop the immune system’s attack. In severe cases, blood transfusions may be needed to manage anemia.

Bone Marrow Disorders and Persistent Fatigue

Bone marrow disorders can disrupt blood cell production, causing chronic fatigue. The bone marrow makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Problems here can affect health a lot.

Aplastic Anemia: When Production Fails

Aplastic anemia means the bone marrow can’t make blood cells. This leads to severe fatigue because tissues and organs lack oxygen. It can be caused by toxins, some medicines, and viruses.

Causes	Symptoms	Treatment Options
Toxins, certain medications, viral infections	Fatigue, weakness, infections, bleeding	Immunosuppressive therapy, bone marrow transplantation

Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are disorders with poorly formed blood cells. This can cause chronic fatigue because of a lack of healthy red blood cells. MDS can turn into more serious diseases like leukemia.

• Risk factors include age, exposure to certain chemicals, and previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
• Symptoms can include fatigue, shortness of breath, and frequent infections.
• Treatment options vary depending on the specific type and risk category of MDS.

Fatigue as an Early Warning Sign

Fatigue can be an early sign of bone marrow disorders. Catching this symptom early is key for quick diagnosis and treatment. If you’re tired all the time, see a doctor.

Knowing how bone marrow disorders and fatigue are linked is key to managing them. By tackling the root cause, symptoms can be reduced, and life quality can improve.

Hematology Insights: Blood Cancers and Severe Fatigue

Blood cancers like leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma often bring severe fatigue. These diseases affect blood cell production and function. This can make life very hard for patients, making fatigue a big problem.

Leukemia and Its Energy-Draining Effects

Leukemia is a cancer that grows in the blood and bone marrow. It makes too many bad white blood cells. This can lower the number of good blood cells, like red ones that carry oxygen. So, people with leukemia often feel very tired.

The body works harder to fight the cancer. This also uses up a lot of energy. It makes patients feel even more tired.

• Symptoms include persistent tiredness, weakness, and shortness of breath.
• Treatment options range from chemotherapy and targeted therapy to bone marrow transplantation.

Lymphoma Types and Fatigue Patterns

Lymphoma starts in the lymphatic system. It has two main types: Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Fatigue is a common symptom for both, caused by the cancer or its treatment.

The way fatigue feels can change. Some people feel tired all the time. Others feel worse during or after treatment.

Understanding the specific type of lymphoma helps manage fatigue. Treatments that target the cancer better can help reduce fatigue.

1. Hodgkin lymphoma often presents with fatigue, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
2. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can cause fatigue, weight loss, and recurrent infections.

Multiple Myeloma’s Impact on Daily Energy

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow. It can cause anemia, bone pain, and make infections more likely. All these can make someone very tired.

Managing multiple myeloma involves treatments to control the disease and ease symptoms. This can include medicines for pain, blood transfusions, and other care to improve life quality.

• Treatment approaches may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation.
• Supportive care is key in managing symptoms like fatigue and improving daily functioning.

Bleeding Disorders That Lead to Chronic Fatigue

Bleeding disorders can really affect someone’s life, causing chronic fatigue from ongoing blood loss. These conditions make it hard for the body to keep enough blood cells. This leads to constant tiredness and other problems.

Hemophilia and Energy Conservation

Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that makes blood hard to clot, causing long bleeding. People with hemophilia often feel tired all the time because of bleeding. There are treatments to help manage this.

It’s important for those with hemophilia to save their energy. This means:

• Choosing activities that don’t make them too tired
• Taking breaks to rest often
• Doing gentle exercises to keep muscles strong without hurting

Von Willebrand Disease Symptoms and Management

Von Willebrand disease is another disorder that affects blood clotting. Symptoms include easy bruising, heavy periods, and frequent nosebleeds. These can make someone feel tired all the time.

To manage von Willebrand disease, one can:

1. Use desmopressin to help blood clot
2. Get replacement therapy with clotting factors
3. Avoid medicines that make bleeding worse, like NSAIDs

Rare Bleeding Disorders and Their Fatigue Connection

Rare bleeding disorders, like factor deficiencies, can also cause chronic fatigue. The main reason is the severity and how often someone bleeds.

Bleeding Disorder	Primary Symptoms	Fatigue Management Strategies
Hemophilia	Prolonged bleeding, joint pain	Energy conservation, regular rest
Von Willebrand Disease	Easy bruising, heavy menstrual periods	Desmopressin therapy, replacement therapy
Factor Deficiencies	Varies depending on the specific factor deficiency	Replacement therapy, avoiding exacerbating factors

It’s key to understand how bleeding disorders and chronic fatigue are linked. By tackling the root causes of fatigue, people with these conditions can live better lives.

Clotting Abnormalities and Their Fatigue Implications

Clotting problems can make us feel very tired. These issues affect how our body manages blood clots. This can lead to serious health problems, including constant tiredness.

Factor V Leiden Mutation

The Factor V Leiden mutation is a genetic disorder that raises the risk of blood clots. It changes the factor V protein, making it harder for protein C to stop it. This means blood is more likely to clot. People with this mutation might feel tired because their body works harder to deal with the clots.

Key implications of Factor V Leiden mutation include:

• Increased risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
• Potential for pulmonary embolism
• Chronic fatigue due to recurrent clotting events

Deep Vein Thrombosis and Post-Thrombotic Syndrome

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is when a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. It can cause a lot of pain and swelling. If not treated quickly, it can lead to post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). PTS is marked by chronic pain, swelling, and tiredness.

“The development of PTS can significantly impact a person’s quality of life, causing persistent fatigue and discomfort.”

To manage DVT and PTS, doctors use anticoagulation therapy, compression stockings, and changes in lifestyle. These steps help prevent more clots and ease symptoms.

Pulmonary Embolism and Oxygen Deprivation

A pulmonary embolism (PE) happens when a blood clot travels to the lungs and blocks blood flow. This can cause oxygen deprivation, leading to fatigue, shortness of breath, and serious health risks.

The effects of PE on oxygen levels can include:

1. Reduced oxygen delivery to tissues and organs
2. Increased strain on the heart
3. Persistent fatigue due to inadequate oxygenation

Quick medical care is key to managing PE and preventing lasting damage.

Advanced Diagnostic Approaches in Modern Hematology

Modern hematology is changing with new diagnostic methods. These methods help us make more accurate diagnoses. They include advanced techniques for diagnosing and managing blood disorders.

Complete Blood Count Analysis

A Complete Blood Count (CBC) is key in hematology. It tells us about the blood’s components, like red and white blood cells, and platelets. We use it to find blood disorders, like anemia and leukemia.

The CBC test looks at many things, like hemoglobin and platelet count. If these numbers are off, it means there might be a health problem that needs more checking.

Specialized Testing for Specific Blood Disorders

There are tests beyond CBC for specific blood disorders. These include:

• Coagulation studies for bleeding disorders, like hemophilia.
• Reticulocyte count to check bone marrow and diagnose anemia.
• Blood smear examination to spot abnormal cells.

These tests help us give exact diagnoses and make treatment plans that fit each patient.

Genetic Testing and Personalized Diagnostics

Genetic testing has changed hematology a lot. It helps find genetic mutations in blood disorders. We use it to diagnose sickle cell disease and thalassemia.

Personalized diagnostics use genetic info to guide treatments. This way, patients get therapies that work best for them.

By using CBC, specialized tests, and genetic testing, we offer better care for blood disorder patients. This improves their health and life quality.

ME/CFS Research: The Blood-Fatigue Connection

To understand ME/CFS, we must look into the latest research on blood changes. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex condition. It causes deep and lasting fatigue that doesn’t get better with rest. Recent studies have made big steps in finding out what causes this condition, focusing on blood changes.

116 Significant Blood Alterations Identified in Research

A major study found 116 important blood changes in ME/CFS patients. This research gives us a clear picture of the biological changes in ME/CFS. It shows how complex ME/CFS is and why we need a detailed approach to understand and treat it.

The study found changes in energy use, immune function, and how cells handle stress. These changes can lead to the constant fatigue ME/CFS patients feel. For example, problems with mitochondria can affect energy production, and immune issues can cause ongoing inflammation and fatigue.

Biological vs. Psychological Fatigue: What the Evidence Shows

It’s important to know if ME/CFS is caused by biological or psychological factors. Research shows ME/CFS has unique biological changes, not just being tired or having a mental issue. The evidence includes changes in genes, metabolism, and immune responses, pointing to a biological cause for ME/CFS fatigue.

“The findings underscore the biological nature of ME/CFS, challenging the notion that it is simply a matter of ‘being tired’ or having a psychological disorder.”

– ME/CFS Researcher

Emerging Biomarkers for Chronic Fatigue

Finding reliable biomarkers for ME/CFS is key. Biomarkers help diagnose and track the condition. Recent studies have found several possible biomarkers, like certain metabolites and cytokines linked to ME/CFS. For example, ME/CFS patients often have different levels of inflammatory markers, which could be used as biomarkers.

For more on blood diffusion and its link to chronic fatigue and long COVID, visit HealthRising.

• Biomarkers can aid in diagnosis and monitoring.
• Research is ongoing to identify reliable biomarkers.
• Potential biomarkers include metabolites and cytokines.

By studying the blood-fatigue connection in ME/CFS, researchers can create better diagnostic tools and treatments. This research could greatly improve the lives of ME/CFS patients by helping us understand their condition better.

Comprehensive Treatment Strategies for Blood-Related Fatigue

Understanding and treating blood-related fatigue is key. It involves knowing the causes and using the right treatments. Managing fatigue from blood disorders needs a mix of physical, nutritional, and lifestyle changes.

Medication Protocols for Various Blood Disorders

Medicine is important in fighting blood-related fatigue. For example, iron supplements help those with iron deficiency anemia. Vitamin B12 injections are needed for B12 deficiency. We customize treatments to fit each patient’s needs.

The table below shows common treatments for different blood disorders:

Blood Disorder	Medication Protocol
Iron Deficiency Anemia	Iron supplements
Vitamin B12 Deficiency	B12 injections
Folate Deficiency Anemia	Folic acid supplements

Nutritional Interventions and Supplementation

Eating right is critical in fighting fatigue. A diet full of nutrients can help. We suggest a diet rich in iron, vitamin B12, and folate. Sometimes, supplements are needed to get enough nutrients.

Nutritional Tips:

• Eat more iron-rich foods like red meat, spinach, and fortified cereals.
• Add vitamin B12-rich foods like fish, poultry, and dairy to your meals.
• Include folate-rich foods like leafy greens, legumes, and citrus fruits.

Energy Conservation and Activity Management

Managing energy is key to fighting fatigue. We tell patients to pace themselves and take breaks. Small changes in daily life can make a big difference.

Activity Management Tips:

1. Sort tasks by importance and how much energy they need.
2. Take short breaks between tasks to rest and recharge.
3. Try gentle exercises like yoga or walking to boost energy.

When to Consult a Hematology Specialist

Knowing when to see a hematology specialist is key for blood-related issues. Blood disorders show up in many ways. Fatigue is a common sign that makes people go to the doctor.

Red Flags That Warrant Immediate Medical Attention

Some symptoms mean you should see a hematology specialist right away. These include:

• Persistent or severe fatigue that interferes with daily activities
• Unexplained bruising or bleeding
• Pale skin or jaundice
• Frequent infections
• Enlarged lymph nodes or spleen

If you notice any of these signs, get medical help fast. Early treatment can greatly improve your chances of recovery.

Symptom	Possible Indication
Persistent Fatigue	Anemia or Bone Marrow Disorder
Unexplained Bruising	Bleeding Disorder or Platelet Issue
Frequent Infections	Immune System Suppression or Bone Marrow Failure

Preparing for Your Hematology Appointment

Before your visit, prepare by:

1. Gathering all relevant medical records and test results
2. Listing your symptoms, including when they started and how they’ve progressed
3. Noting any medications or supplements you’re currently taking
4. Preparing a list of questions to ask the specialist

Being thorough in your preparation can help ensure a productive consultation.

Questions to Ask Your Doctor

Ask the right questions during your appointment. This can help you understand your condition and treatment options. Consider asking:

• What is the likely cause of my symptoms?
• What diagnostic tests are necessary to confirm a diagnosis?
• What treatment options are available, and what are their possible side effects?
• Are there any lifestyle changes or dietary adjustments that can help manage my condition?

Seeing a hematology specialist is a big step in managing blood disorders. By knowing when to seek help and preparing well, you can play an active role in your care.

Liv Hospital’s Approach to Complex Blood Disorders

At Liv Hospital, we’re all about top-notch care for complex blood disorders that lead to fatigue. Our dedication to world-class healthcare shows in our advanced medical protocols and team-based care.

Blood disorders can be tough to diagnose and treat. That’s why we’ve created advanced medical protocols. These ensure our patients get the most effective and innovative treatments. Our goal is to tackle the root causes of fatigue in blood disorders, helping our patients feel better and live better lives.

Advanced Medical Protocols for Fatigue-Causing Conditions

Our medical team is always learning about the latest in hematology. We use state-of-the-art diagnostic tools and treatments that fit each patient’s needs.

• Personalized treatment plans addressing the underlying causes of fatigue
• Advanced diagnostic testing for accurate diagnosis
• Innovative therapeutic approaches to manage symptoms and improve outcomes

International Standards and Treatment Outcomes

At Liv Hospital, we follow international standards in treating blood disorders. This ensures our patients get care that meets global best practices. We’re committed to delivering top-quality treatment outcomes and improving patient satisfaction.

We keep track of treatment outcomes to ensure our patients get the best care. This data helps us refine our treatment protocols and make better decisions for our patients.

Multidisciplinary Care for Blood Disorder Management

Our multidisciplinary team includes hematologists, nutritionists, psychologists, and more. We work together to provide complete care. We believe managing blood disorders requires a holistic approach, addressing medical, emotional, and nutritional needs.

By combining different specialties, we gain a deeper understanding of each patient’s condition. This helps us develop effective treatment plans that improve overall well-being.

Living Well Despite Chronic Blood Disorders

Living with chronic blood disorders can be tough, but it’s possible to live well. It takes a mix of medical care, lifestyle changes, and support. This approach helps manage the condition effectively.

Daily Management Strategies

Managing chronic blood disorders daily requires some key steps. Following your doctor’s medication plan is very important. Also, eating a balanced diet helps manage symptoms and boosts health.

• Keep track of your symptoms to share with your doctor.
• Drink plenty of water and keep a healthy weight.
• Do gentle exercises like yoga or walking, as your doctor suggests.

It’s also key to save your energy and focus on what’s important. Use calendars or apps to keep track of your meds and appointments. This helps stay organized.

Support Resources and Community

A strong support system is essential for those with chronic blood disorders. This includes family, friends, support groups, and online communities. Talking to others who get it offers emotional support and advice.

• Join local or online groups for people with similar conditions.
• Use online resources and forums for info and connection.
• Think about counseling or therapy for emotional support.

Getting help from healthcare providers is also key. Regular check-ups and talking openly with doctors and specialists help manage the condition well.

Long-term Outlook and Quality of Life

Chronic blood disorders are long-term, but many people live active, fulfilling lives. Advances in medicine and care are improving outcomes.

Staying up-to-date with new treatments and research helps make informed care choices. Keeping a positive attitude and focusing on what you can do also boosts your quality of life.

By using daily management strategies, support, and a positive outlook, people with chronic blood disorders can improve their lives. We suggest working with your healthcare team to create a personalized care plan.

Conclusion: Addressing Fatigue Through Proper Blood Disorder Management

Managing blood disorders is key to beating fatigue and boosting life quality. We’ve looked at several blood disorders that lead to tiredness, like anemia and blood cancers. Knowing why fatigue happens helps doctors create better treatment plans.

Good hematology care means using advanced tests and making treatment plans just for each patient. This way, doctors can tackle the real reasons for tiredness. Helping patients manage fatigue is a big part of treating blood disorders.

At Liv Hospital, we aim to give top-notch hematology care to those with blood disorders. Our team works together to offer full support and treatment. This helps patients fight fatigue and live better lives. By focusing on blood disorder management, we can really change our patients’ lives for the better.

FAQ

References

1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (n.d.). Anemia afflicts nearly 1 in 4 people worldwide. Retrieved from https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/insights-blog/commentary/anemia-afflicts-nearly-1-4-people-worldwide-there-are
2. Medical Xpress. (2025). Scale of how chronic fatigue syndrome affects blood revealed. Retrieved from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-06-scale-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-affects.html
3. Health Rising. (2025). Blood Diffusion Problems Found in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Long COVID. Retrieved from https://www.healthrising.org/blog/2025/06/28/blood-diffusion-chronic-fatigue-long-covid/
4. World Health Organization. (n.d.). Anaemia. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia