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Overview

Nasal Polyps: An Overview

Nasal polyps are soft, teardrop-shaped growths that develop in the lining of the nose or sinuses. They are usually noncancerous and are linked to ongoing inflammation. People with long-term nasal or sinus inflammation, such as chronic sinusitis, allergies or asthma, are more likely to develop them. Small polyps may cause few problems, while larger growths can block airflow and affect smell.

Symptoms

Nasal Polyps Symptoms

  • Persistent nasal blockage or congestion.
  • Runny nose or postnasal drainage.
  • Reduced sense of smell.
  • Reduced sense of taste.
  • Pressure or fullness around the face.
  • Headaches related to sinus congestion.
  • Snoring or noisy breathing during sleep.

Causes

What Causes Nasal Polyps?

Nasal polyps form when persistent inflammation causes the lining of the nose or sinuses to swell. Over time, this swollen tissue can stretch and develop into soft, teardrop-shaped growths. The exact cause is not always clear, but immune activity and long-term irritation appear to play important roles.

  • Chronic rhinosinusitis can keep the nasal and sinus lining inflamed.
  • Asthma commonly occurs alongside nasal polyps but does not directly cause every case.
  • Allergic or nonallergic rhinitis may contribute to ongoing nasal inflammation.
  • Repeated sinus infections or other persistent irritation may contribute to polyp formation.
  • Sensitivity to aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be associated with nasal polyps and asthma.

Risk Factors

Risk Factors for Nasal Polyps

  • Chronic rhinosinusitis increases the chance of developing nasal polyps and may be manageable with medical care.
  • Asthma is associated with a higher risk of nasal polyposis.
  • Aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sensitivity may increase risk, especially in people who also have asthma.
  • Allergic rhinitis or other ongoing nasal inflammation may contribute and can often be treated.
  • Nasal polyps are more common in adults than in young children.
  • A family history of nasal polyps may increase susceptibility.

Complications

Nasal Polyps Complications

  • Persistent nasal obstruction can make it difficult to breathe through the nose.
  • Sleep disruption, snoring or obstructive sleep apnea may occur.
  • Reduced smell and taste can persist or worsen.
  • Blocked sinus drainage can contribute to recurrent sinus infections.
  • Ongoing symptoms may affect exercise, concentration and quality of life.

SEEK PROMPT CARE

Symptoms that need medical attention

Sudden one-sided blockage, significant bleeding, severe facial swelling or vision changes are not typical features of uncomplicated nasal polyps. Seek prompt medical assessment if any of these symptoms occur.

Diagnosis

How Nasal Polyps Are Diagnosed

A clinician will ask about congestion, nasal drainage, changes in smell, sinus infections, allergies and asthma. They may also ask about reactions to aspirin or other medicines and about previous sinus treatments. This history, together with an examination, helps distinguish nasal polyps from other causes of nasal blockage.

  • A clinician may look inside the nose with a lighted instrument.
  • Nasal endoscopy can provide a closer view of the nasal passages and sinus openings.
  • A CT scan may show the size and location of polyps and the extent of sinus inflammation.
  • Allergy, asthma or medication-sensitivity evaluation may be recommended based on the medical history.

Treatment & Management

Nasal Polyps Treatment and Management

  • Saline nasal rinses can help clear mucus and improve nasal comfort when used safely.
  • Nasal corticosteroid sprays can reduce inflammation and shrink polyps over time.
  • A clinician may prescribe a short course of oral corticosteroids for severe symptoms.
  • Treating allergies, asthma or medication sensitivity can support control of nasal inflammation.
  • Biologic medicines may be considered for some people with severe, recurrent nasal polyps.

SAFETY WARNING

Do not remove nasal polyps yourself

Do not try to cut, pull or remove nasal polyps yourself. Self-removal can cause bleeding, injury or infection and may delay diagnosis of another cause of blockage. Endoscopic sinus surgery may be considered by a specialist when medicines do not provide enough relief or polyps block the sinuses.

Outlook and Prognosis

Outlook for Nasal Polyps

Nasal polyps are usually manageable rather than immediately dangerous, but symptoms may persist or return because the underlying inflammation can continue. Treatment often focuses on controlling inflammation and improving breathing and smell. Regular follow-up can help identify recurrence early and adjust the plan.

  • Many people improve with consistent medical treatment.
  • Polyps can return after treatment or surgery.
  • Ongoing follow-up helps adjust treatment if congestion or loss of smell returns.
  • Controlling asthma, allergies and chronic sinus inflammation may reduce symptom burden.

When Should You See a Doctor

When Should You See a Doctor for Nasal Polyps?

  • Make an appointment for nasal congestion or drainage that lasts more than several weeks.
  • Seek evaluation for a persistent loss of smell or taste.
  • Ask about specialist care if sinus infections keep returning or treatment is not helping.
  • Contact a clinician promptly for one-sided blockage, repeated nosebleeds, severe facial pain, facial swelling or vision changes.

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