Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump blood efficiently enough to meet the body’s demand for oxygen and nutrients. This condition often results from weakened heart muscles or heart chambers that are unable to pump effectively. As a result, organs and tissues throughout the body may not receive adequate blood flow.
There are two main types of heart failure:
Left-Sided Heart Failure
Also known as left ventricular failure, this condition occurs when the left ventricle cannot pump blood effectively to the rest of the body. As a result, blood may back up into the lungs, causing fluid buildup and breathing difficulties.
Symptoms include:
• Shortness of breath
• Coughing
• Rapid heartbeat
• Fatigue
Right-Sided Heart Failure
Also known as right ventricular failure, occurs when the right side of the heart has difficulty pumping blood to the lungs. As a result, fluid can accumulate in the legs, ankles, and abdomen (a condition called edema).
Symptoms include:
• Swelling in the legs and feet
• Abdominal bloating
• Fatigue
Symptoms of Heart Failure
The symptoms typically develop because the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. Common symptoms may include:
Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea)
Fluid buildup in the lungs can make breathing difficult, especially when lying down or sleeping.
Cough
Persistent coughing can result from fluid accumulation in the lungs due to the heart’s inability to pump blood efficiently.
Rapid Heartbeat (Palpitations)
The heart may beat faster in an effort to compensate for insufficient blood flow.
Fatigue
Insufficient oxygen supply to muscles and organs causes tiredness and weakness.
Chest Pain
A reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle can cause discomfort or pain.
Edema (Swelling)
Fluid retention, especially in the legs and feet, is common in heart failure.
Liver Enlargement
Right-sided heart failure can cause blood to back up into the liver, leading to discomfort.
Coldness and Discoloration in the Feet
Poor circulation may cause the feet and legs to feel cold or appear bluish.
Heart Failure Symptoms in Infants and Children
In infants and children, heart failure can result from congenital heart defects, cardiomyopathy, or chronic lung conditions.
Common symptoms include:
• Rapid or deep breathing
• Increased coughing
• Fatigue during routine activities
• Poor weight gain
• Chest retractions or flaring of the nostrils
• Rapid heart rate
• Excessive sweating
• Pale or bluish skin
• Weight loss
End-Stage Heart Failure Symptoms
In advanced stages, symptoms become more severe and may require immediate care:
- Severe shortness of breath, even at rest
- Extreme fatigue
- Persistent and widespread edema
- Abdominal bloating
- Frequent nighttime urination
- Muscle weakness
- Nausea and vomiting
- Confusion due to reduced oxygen
- Irregular heartbeat, dizziness, or fainting
Treatment for Heart Failure
The treatment depends on its severity, cause, and overall health. The main goals are to improve heart function, relieve symptoms, and enhance life quality.
1. Medications
Commonly prescribed medications include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, diuretics, and digoxin.
2. Lifestyle Modifications
Healthy diet, regular exercise, maintaining weight, and avoiding smoking or alcohol improve outcomes.
3. Medical Devices and Surgical Treatments
Devices like CRT, ICD, and VADs may be used, and in severe cases, heart transplantation may be necessary.
4. Additional Treatment Options
Fluid management and oxygen therapy may support patients with advanced cases.
5. Supportive Care
Psychological support, regular follow-ups, and lifestyle management play key roles in the treatment process.
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Frequently Asked Questions
What Are the Symptoms of Heart Valve Insufficiency?
Heart valve insufficiency can cause shortness of breath, palpitations, and fatigue similar to heart failure.
What Is Congestive Heart Failure and What Are Its Symptoms?
Congestive heart failure (CHF) occurs when the heart’s pumping ability is weakened, causing swelling, fatigue, and irregular heartbeat.
What Are the Signs of Imminent Death in Heart Failure Patients?
In end-stage, severe shortness of breath, irregular heartbeats, pale skin, and fainting may occur — seek immediate medical help.