Hydrocephalus: 12 Powerful Must-Know Facts

Understanding Hydrocephalus and Its Effects

Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) builds up inside the skull, surrounding the brain. Normally, CSF flows through spaces in the brain called ventricles, but in hydrocephalus, this fluid accumulates, causing the ventricles to enlarge. The resulting pressure can damage nearby brain tissues, leading to developmental, physical, or cognitive problems if left untreated.

1. Hydrocephalus Disease and Causes

It is caused by the abnormal accumulation of excess cerebrospinal fluid within the brain. This buildup leads to increased pressure inside the skull, which can damage brain tissue if not treated.
There are over 100 possible causes that can lead to this condition, but generally, the underlying reasons are based on the following three conditions:

• Excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid
• Blockage or narrowing in the ventricles, leading to obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow
• Inability of the produced fluid to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream, resulting in accumulation

2. Symptoms of Hydrocephalus

Symptoms are typically complaints related to increased intracranial pressure. Some of the symptoms that may occur in cases of congenital hydrocephalus include:

• Enlarged head size compared to normal
• Swelling in the soft area at the top of the skull, known as the fontanelle
• Eyes fixed downwards
• Nausea and vomiting
• Feeding problems
• Tendency to sleep
• Seizures

3. Symptoms of Hydrocephalus in Adults

In adults, the condition can also develop as a result of conditions like brain hemorrhage, brain tumors, head trauma, or infections. These factors can interfere with the normal flow or absorption of cerebrospinal fluid, leading to its accumulation in the brain.
Possible symptoms include:

• Chronic headaches
• Loss of coordination
• Difficulty in walking
• Bladder problems
• Vision-related issues
• Memory impairment
• Difficulty concentrating

4. Symptoms in Babies

In babies, infections or blockages that disrupt the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid can cause the skull to enlarge rapidly. This increased pressure on the brain may lead to seizures, difficulty with feeding, and reduced muscle tone. Identifying these early warning signs is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment of the condition in infants.

5. Symptoms of Hydrocephalus in the Elderly

In individuals over the age of 60, the following symptoms may occur if the condition develops:

• Frequent urge to urinate, loss of bladder control
• Memory loss
• Progressive loss of cognitive functions and judgment
• Difficulty walking
• Loss of balance and coordination

6. Hydrocephalus Treatment

If left untreated, it can be life-threatening. The main goal of treatment is to prevent further brain damage, as past injuries often cannot be reversed. Surgery is the primary intervention, with procedures such as shunt placement (inserting a tube to drain excess fluid) or ventriculostomy (creating a new pathway for fluid flow) used to relieve pressure on the brain.

7. Treatment Methods

The coondition is commonly treated with brain surgery, most often through a procedure called shunt surgery. In this operation, a neurosurgeon inserts a thin, flexible tube (shunt) into the brain’s ventricles to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid. The shunt directs the fluid to another part of the body, typically the abdominal cavity, where it can be safely absorbed.

Surgical Procedures in The Treatment

Endoscopic ventriculostomy is another surgical treatment option. In this procedure, a neurosurgeon inserts a thin tube with a camera (endoscope) into the third ventricle of the brain to create an opening that bypasses blockages and restores normal cerebrospinal fluid flow—helping to relieve pressure without a shunt.

8. What Should Hydrocephalus Patients Pay Attention To?

The extent of damage caused by the condition can vary greatly. Families should work closely with pediatric specialists and special education professionals to tailor care to each child’s needs. Delays in developmental milestones such as sitting, crawling, walking, or talking are common. Early rehabilitation and support can make a big difference in helping children reach their full potential.

9. Life Expectancy

Life expectancy for people with the condition depends on several factors, including severity, underlying causes, symptoms, and treatment success. Adults with normal pressure hydrocephalus may see improvements in walking, bladder control, or cognitive function after surgery, though results vary. Regular follow-up and management are key for better quality of life.

10. How Long Do Hydrocephalus Babies Live?

It is difficult to predict life expectancy for someone with the condition because it depends on many factors such as severity and management. However, early diagnosis and timely intervention can significantly improve long-term outcomes.

11. End-Stage Hydrocephalus and Life Expectancy

Life expectancy for individuals varies widely depending on condition severity, cause, and treatment effectiveness. Permanent brain damage can lead to complications such as learning difficulties, speech or vision problems, and coordination challenges. Because of these variables, predicting lifespan precisely is not possible.

12. Types of Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus can develop at any age but most often affects infants and older adults.
Main classifications include:

• Non-communicating, caused by blockage between ventricles preventing fluid flow
• Communicating, caused by an absorption failure of cerebrospinal fluid

It may also be congenital (present at birth) or acquired. Congenital hydrocephalus arises from genetic or developmental brain issues, while acquired hydrocephalus, including normal pressure hydrocephalus, can develop later due to trauma, hemorrhage, tumors, or meningitis.

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

Normal pressure hydrocephalus usually develops gradually and primarily affects people over 60. Common symptoms include walking changes, cognitive issues, and urinary problems.

* Liv Hospital Editorial Board has contributed to the publication of this content .
* Contents of this page is for informational purposes only. Please consult your doctor for diagnosis and treatment. The content of this page does not include information on medicinal health care at Liv Hospital .

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