Pulmonology focuses on diagnosing and treating lung and airway conditions such as asthma, COPD, and pneumonia, as well as overall respiratory health.
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Accurate and timely diagnosis of influenza is critical for initiating appropriate antiviral therapy, implementing infection control measures, and preventing the inappropriate use of antibiotics. While a clinical diagnosis based on symptoms and local epidemiological data is often sufficient during the peak of an outbreak, laboratory confirmation is essential for high-risk patients, hospitalized individuals, and cases with atypical presentations. At Liv Hospital, we employ a tiered diagnostic approach that balances speed, accuracy, and clinical utility to ensure optimal patient outcomes.
The initial evaluation begins with a thorough clinical assessment. The “influenza-like illness” (ILI) definition—fever of at least 37.8°C accompanied by cough or sore throat—is a standard screening tool. However, sensitivity varies.
These are antigen detection assays that can provide results in less than 15 minutes. They work by detecting the viral nucleoprotein antigen.
Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and other molecular assays are the most sensitive and specific diagnostic tools available.
Direct and indirect immunofluorescence assays involve staining respiratory epithelial cells from a nasopharyngeal specimen with fluorescently labeled antibodies.
Viral culture was traditionally the gold standard but has largely been replaced by molecular methods for routine diagnosis due to the time required.
Serology involves testing blood samples for antibodies to the influenza virus.
Imaging is not indicated for uncomplicated influenza but is crucial when complications are suspected.
Routine blood tests can provide supportive information but are non-specific.
Diagnosis extends beyond identifying the virus to assessing organ function.
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Rapid tests are good at confirming the flu if positive, but they miss many cases; a negative result does not prove you do not have the flu.
The nasopharyngeal swab collects cells from the back of the nose where the virus replicates, providing the best sample for accurate testing.
No, blood tests for flu antibodies take weeks to show results; diagnosis for immediate treatment relies on swabs of the respiratory tract.
An X-ray is needed if there are signs of pneumonia, such as difficulty breathing, low oxygen levels, or chest pain, to check for fluid or infection in the lungs.
RT-PCR (molecular testing) is the most reliable method, as it detects viral genetic material with very high sensitivity and specificity.
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