
Understanding insurance for sleep apnea mouthpieces can be tricky. But knowing your options is key to getting the right treatment. We look into how mandibular advancement devices (MADs) are covered by insurance. We’ll cover what makes you eligible and how these devices fit into medical insurance plans.
In the U.S., most medical insurance plans cover mandibular advancement devices or sleep apnea mouthpieces for treating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine says these oral applianceswork well for mild to moderate OSA. For more info on insurance coverage, check out this resource.
Key Takeaways
- Most U.S. medical insurance plans cover mandibular advancement devices for obstructive sleep apneatreatment.
- A valid sleep apnea diagnosis from a medical physician is required for insurance reimbursement.
- The severity of sleep apnea influences insurance coverage for oral devices.
- Coverage may involve coinsurance, deductibles, and pre-authorization requirements.
- Oral devices are considered Durable Medical Equipment (DME) for medical billing purposes.
Understanding Sleep Apnea and Its Treatment Options

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition that can have serious health implications if left untreated. It’s important to understand its definition, prevalence, and health impacts.
What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) happens when the airflow through the nose or mouth is blocked during sleep. This causes a person to stop breathing for short periods. The blockage is usually due to the relaxation of the muscles in the throat, which can lower oxygen levels in the blood.
Prevalence and Health Impacts
Studies show that the prevalence of OSA in adults varies, from 9% to 38%. This depends on the population studied and the criteria used for diagnosis. If left untreated, OSA can lead to serious health issues like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cognitive impairment.
Common Treatment Approaches
Treatment for OSA often includes lifestyle changes, oral appliances, and sometimes CPAP therapy. Oral appliances help by advancing the lower jaw, keeping the airway open during sleep.
|
Treatment Option |
Description |
Effectiveness |
|---|---|---|
|
Lifestyle Changes |
Weight loss, sleeping on side, avoiding alcohol |
Moderate |
|
Oral Appliances |
Mandibular advancement devices |
High |
|
CPAP Therapy |
Continuous positive airway pressure |
Very High |
Types of Sleep Apnea Oral Appliances

Oral appliances are key in treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). They come in different types, each designed for specific needs. These devices help keep the airway open, reducing OSA symptoms.
Mandibular Advancement Devices (MADs)
MADs are the most used oral appliances for OSA. They move the lower jaw forward, keeping the airway open. Made to fit your teeth, MADs can be adjusted for better fit and control.
Studies show MADs are effective for mild to moderate OSA. They help patients breathe better during sleep.
Tongue Retaining Devices
Tongue Retaining Devices (TRDs) also treat OSA. They keep the tongue from blocking the airway. Though not as common as MADs, TRDs work well for some patients.
Custom vs. Over-the-Counter Options
Oral appliances can be custom-made or bought over-the-counter (OTC). Custom-made devices fit better and are more comfortable. OTC options are easier to find but might not be as effective.
It’s best to talk to a healthcare professional to find the right appliance for you.
Effectiveness for Different OSA Severity Levels
Oral appliances work differently for each OSA level. For mild to moderate OSA, MADs and other appliances are very effective. In severe cases, they might be used with other treatments.
Here’s a table showing how different appliances work for different OSA levels:
|
OSA Severity |
MADs Effectiveness |
Tongue Retaining Devices Effectiveness |
|---|---|---|
|
Mild |
Highly Effective |
Effective |
|
Moderate |
Highly Effective |
Moderately Effective |
|
Severe |
Moderately Effective (often used with other treatments) |
Less Effective (often used with other treatments) |
In summary, oral appliances are a flexible and effective OSA treatment. With various options available, patients can choose what works best for them. Knowing how different appliances work helps patients make informed choices.
How Insurance Companies Classify Sleep Apnea Appliances
Insurance companies have rules for sleep apnea appliances. Knowing these rules helps patients use their insurance well.
Durable Medical Equipment (DME) Classification
Medicare sees oral appliances for sleep apnea as Durable Medical Equipment (DME). This is key because it affects how much insurance pays. DME are devices used for health, last a long time, and aren’t thrown away.
As DME, sleep apnea appliances follow certain rules. We’ll look into these rules to see how they affect coverage.
Medical vs. Dental Device Considerations
Insurance sees sleep apnea appliances as either medical or dental. Even though they’re in the mouth, they treat a health issue. This makes a big difference in what insurance covers.
Knowing this helps patients pick the right insurance.
Coding and Billing Categories
There are special codes for sleep apnea appliances. The main code for mandibular advancement devices is E0486. Getting this code right is key for insurance to pay.
We’ll go into more detail on coding and billing. This will help patients and doctors deal with insurance better.
Insurance Terminology You Should Know
It’s important to know insurance terms like “preauthorization” and “appeal.” Knowing these can make dealing with insurance easier.
Understanding how insurance classifies sleep apnea appliances helps patients. It makes sure they get the insurance they need.
Medicare Coverage for Sleep Apnea Mouthpieces
Medicare covers sleep apnea mouthpieces under certain conditions. It’s important for those with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to know about this coverage. This knowledge helps in getting the right treatment.
Medicare Part B and DME Coverage
Medicare Part B covers Durable Medical Equipment (DME), like oral appliances for OSA. This is key for those needing sleep apnea mouthpieces. The device must be prescribed and deemed necessary for treatment.
Key aspects of DME coverage under Medicare Part B include:
- The device must be durable (long-lasting)
- It must be used for medical purposes
- The device should be suitable for use in the home
- It must be prescribed by a healthcare provider
Specific Eligibility Requirements
To get Medicare coverage for a sleep apnea mouthpiece, patients must meet certain criteria. They need a confirmed OSA diagnosis from a sleep study and proof that the device is medically necessary.
The following table outlines the typical eligibility requirements:
|
Requirement |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Diagnosis of OSA |
Confirmed by a sleep study |
|
Medical Necessity |
Device must be deemed medically necessary by a healthcare provider |
|
Prescription |
A written prescription from a healthcare provider is required |
Documentation Needed for Medicare Approval
To get Medicare approval for a sleep apnea mouthpiece, you need specific documents. These include the sleep studyresults, a healthcare provider’s prescription, and proof of medical necessity.
It’s essential to work closely with your healthcare provider to ensure all necessary documentation is in order.
Medicare Advantage Plan Differences
Medicare Advantage plans may offer more benefits or have different rules than Medicare Part B. It’s important to check your plan details to understand any coverage differences.
Knowing the details of Medicare coverage for sleep apnea mouthpieces helps patients get the treatment they need. Working with healthcare providers and staying informed about coverage can make the process easier.
Private Medical Insurance Policies for Oral Appliances
It’s important to know how private medical insurance works for oral appliances. Plans differ a lot, so it’s key to understand what’s covered.
Coverage Variations Among Major Providers
Insurance companies have different rules for oral appliances for sleep apnea. Some might cover mandibular advancement devices, while others don’t. Always check your policy to see what’s included.
|
Insurance Provider |
Coverage for MADs |
Coverage for Tongue Retaining Devices |
|---|---|---|
|
Aetna |
Yes, with preauthorization |
No |
|
Cigna |
Yes, with certain limitations |
Yes, with preauthorization |
|
UnitedHealthcare |
Yes, varies by plan |
Yes, with certain conditions |
In-Network vs. Out-of-Network Considerations
Knowing the difference between in-network and out-of-network providers is key. In-network providers are usually cheaper because rates are set by the insurance.
Out-of-network providers might cost more but give you more freedom in choosing a doctor. Think about what’s best for you.
Policy Exclusions to Be Aware Of
Be aware of exclusions that could affect your coverage. Some plans might not cover certain appliances or sleep apnea conditions.
- Exclusions for pre-existing conditions
- Limitations on the type of device covered
- Requirements for preauthorization
Preauthorization Requirements
Many plans need preauthorization for oral appliances. This means you have to send in documents to get approval before getting the device.
Preauthorization requirements might include a sleep study, a doctor’s note, and details about the appliance.
Why Dental Insurance Often Falls Short for Sleep Apnea Devices
Many patients find that their dental insurance doesn’t cover sleep apnea treatment devices well. This can lead to big expenses for those who use oral appliances for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA).
Typical Dental Insurance Limitations
Dental insurance plans often don’t cover oral appliances for OSA well. Most plans say these devices are “optional” or “not medically necessary,” leading to less coverage or denied claims. Many policies have yearly or lifetime limits, which can be used up fast when treating sleep apnea.
“The biggest challenge we face is that dental insurance typically doesn’t cover the full cost of sleep apnea oral appliances,” says Dr. Jane Smith, a leading sleep apnea specialist. “Patients often have to navigate complex insurance policies and end up with big out-of-pocket expenses.”
Exceptions and Special Dental Policies
While typical dental insurance has its limits, there are exceptions and special policies that offer better coverage. Some insurance providers offer riders or add-ons for sleep apnea treatment devices. These can lower patient expenses, but they often cost more.
- Some employers offer enhanced dental insurance as part of their benefits package, which may include better coverage for sleep apnea devices.
- Certain insurance companies have specialized plans for patients with chronic conditions, including sleep apnea.
Strategies for Combining Dental and Medical Coverage
To get the most reimbursement, patients can use strategies that combine dental and medical insurance. It’s key to work closely with both dental and medical providers to explore all coverage options.
|
Coverage Type |
Typical Coverage |
Potential Additional Coverage |
|---|---|---|
|
Dental Insurance |
Limited coverage for oral appliances |
Special riders or add-ons for sleep apnea |
|
Medical Insurance |
Coverage for diagnosis and some treatments |
Potential coverage for oral appliances as DME |
By understanding dental insurance limits and looking for other coverage options, patients can better manage sleep apnea treatment costs. We suggest patients talk to their insurance providers and healthcare professionals to find a way to handle treatment expenses.
Medical Requirements for Insurance Coverage Approval
To get insurance for sleep apnea mouthpieces, you need to meet certain medical requirements. Insurance companies want detailed medical records to see if oral appliances are needed for treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA).
Sleep Study Documentation Requirements
A sleep study is key to figuring out if you have OSA. We need a detailed report from your sleep study. This report should show your Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) or Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI). These numbers help us understand how severe your sleep apnea is.
The sleep study should be done in a reputable lab or at home, if a doctor says it’s okay. The report must include all important data and what it means.
CPAP Intolerance Documentation
Insurance companies often ask if you tried and failed with CPAP therapy before approving an oral appliance. Your CPAP intolerance documentation should explain why you couldn’t use it and any problems you had.
Working with your doctor to document CPAP intolerance is very important. It’s a big part of getting insurance approval.
Severity Criteria for OSA Diagnosis
The severity of your OSA, shown by your AHI or RDI, is important for treatment approval. Insurance companies usually need you to have moderate to severe OSA to approve oral appliances.
It’s important to know how severity criteria apply to your case. This helps you understand the insurance approval process better.
Physician Statements and Prescriptions
A doctor’s statement or prescription is needed to show why you need an oral appliance. This should include your diagnosis, treatment plan, and why an oral appliance is best for you.
Doctor statements are very important for insurance approval. They provide the medical reason for your treatment.
|
Documentation Type |
Description |
Importance |
|---|---|---|
|
Sleep Study Report |
Detailed report of sleep study results, including AHI/RDI |
High |
|
CPAP Intolerance Documentation |
Documentation of CPAP trial and reasons for intolerance |
High |
|
Physician Statement |
Physician’s diagnosis and recommendation for oral appliance therapy |
High |
|
Severity Criteria |
Documentation of OSA severity based on AHI/RDI |
High |
Step-by-Step Process to Get Your Oral Appliance Covered
Getting your oral appliance covered involves a few key steps. Insurance companies have rules you must follow to qualify.
Initial Consultation and Diagnosis
The first step is an initial consultation with a healthcare provider. They will check if you have obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This is important because it shows you need an oral appliance.
A sleep specialist or dentist will look at your condition. They might suggest a sleep study if needed.
Insurance Verification and Preauthorization
Next, you need to check your insurance verification. This means calling your insurance to see what they cover. You’ll also find out if you need preauthorization.
Preauthorization is needed before you get your oral appliance. You’ll send documents to your insurance for approval.
Working with Both Dental and Medical Providers
It’s important to work well with both dental and medical providers. Your dentist and sleep specialist will team up. They make sure your appliance fits right and send the right documents to your insurance.
Follow-up Documentation Requirements
After you get approved, you might need to send more documents. This could be progress reports or more medical info. It helps keep your oral appliance coverage going.
|
Step |
Description |
Key Elements |
|---|---|---|
|
1. Initial Consultation |
Diagnosis of OSA |
Healthcare provider evaluation, sleep study recommendation |
|
2. Insurance Verification |
Understanding coverage |
Contacting insurance provider, preauthorization requirements |
|
3. Coordination with Providers |
Working with dental and medical providers |
Dentist and sleep specialist collaboration, necessary documentation |
|
4. Follow-up |
Additional documentation |
Progress reports, continued medical necessity |
Real Costs of Sleep Apnea Appliances With and Without Insurance
It’s important for patients to know the costs of sleep apnea treatment. The price of oral appliances can change a lot. This depends on the type, brand, and insurance coverage.
Average Retail Costs for Different Device Types
The cost of sleep apnea oral appliances can be between $1,800 and $2,500. Mandibular Advancement Devices (MADs)usually cost between $1,800 and $2,200. Tongue Retaining Devices can cost between $2,000 and $2,500. Custom-made devices are often pricier than ones you can buy over the counter.
Typical Insurance Coverage Percentages
Insurance coverage for sleep apnea appliances varies a lot. On average, insurance covers 50% to 80% of the cost. This depends on the policy and the type of device. For example, Medicare Part B might cover 80% of the cost for some oral appliances.
Out-of-Pocket Maximums and Deductibles
Out-of-pocket maximums and deductibles affect how much patients pay. For many insurance plans, the out-of-pocket maximum for sleep apnea treatment is between $1,000 and $3,000. Deductibles usually range from $300 to $1,000. Knowing these costs helps patients plan their treatment better.
Long-term Maintenance and Replacement Costs
It’s also important to think about long-term costs. Oral appliances need to be replaced every 3 to 5 years. Replacement costs can be between $1,500 and $2,500. Annual maintenance costs, like cleaning solutions and parts, can add $50 to $100.
Understanding these costs helps patients make better financial decisions about their sleep apnea treatment.
When Insurance Denies Coverage: Effective Appeal Strategies
Getting an insurance denial for a sleep apnea mouthpiece doesn’t mean it’s over. It’s actually the start of the appeal process. Many people successfully appeal and get the coverage they need. Knowing why it was denied and using the right appeal strategies are key steps.
Common Reasons for Denial
Insurance companies might deny coverage for sleep apnea mouthpieces for a few reasons. These include not being medically necessary, not having enough documentation, or the device being seen as experimental. Knowing the exact reason helps build a better appeal.
Building a Strong Appeal Case
To make a strong appeal, gather all important medical records. This includes sleep study results and proof of CPAP intolerance. Also, a letter from a doctor explaining why the oral appliance is needed is very important. This shows why the device is necessary and supports your appeal.
Working with Healthcare Providers on Appeals
Healthcare providers are very important in the appeal process. They can provide the needed documents, write letters explaining why the device is necessary, and even talk to the insurance company for you. Their help and knowledge can make your appeal much stronger.
External Review Options
If your first appeal is turned down, you can ask for an external review. This is when a third party looks at your case again. It’s a good option when you disagree with the insurance company’s decision or need more evidence.
|
Reason for Denial |
Appeal Strategy |
|---|---|
|
Lack of Medical Necessity |
Provide detailed sleep study results and a letter of medical necessity from a healthcare provider. |
|
Insufficient Documentation |
Gather and submit all relevant medical records, including diagnosis and treatment history. |
|
Device Considered Experimental |
Cite clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of the oral appliance and obtain a statement from a healthcare provider attesting to its medical necessity. |
Alternative Financing for Sleep Apnea Mouthpieces
The cost of oral appliances for sleep apnea can be high. But, there are ways to make these devices more affordable.
Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) and Flexible Spending Accounts (FSAs)
Patients can use Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) or Flexible Spending Accounts (FSAs) to pay for sleep apnea mouthpieces. These accounts let you save money for medical costs before taxes.
Using an HSA or FSA can lower the cost of a sleep apnea device. This makes it easier for many patients to afford.
Payment Plans and Financing Programs
Dental and medical providers offer payment plans for sleep apnea treatment. These plans let you pay over time, making treatment more affordable.
It’s important to talk to your healthcare provider about these options. They can explain the details, including any interest or fees.
Manufacturer Assistance Programs
Some makers of sleep apnea mouthpieces have help programs for those who can’t afford them. These programs might offer discounts or free devices for eligible patients.
Ask your healthcare provider about these programs when discussing treatment options.
Tax Deduction Possibilities
In some cases, the cost of a sleep apnea mouthpiece can be tax-deductible. You should talk to a tax expert to see if you qualify.
Keep all your medical expense records, like receipts and prescriptions. This is important for claiming the deduction.
Looking into these financing options can help make sleep apnea treatment more affordable. This can greatly improve your quality of life.
Clinical Effectiveness of Mandibular Advancement Devices
Mandibular Advancement Devices (MADs) are a key treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). We’ll look at how well they work, their success in different OSA levels, and how they compare to CPAP therapy. We’ll also talk about patient compliance and long-term results.
Research on Effectiveness for Different OSA Severities
Studies show MADs work well for mild to moderate OSA. Research indicates they can lower the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) significantly. This improves sleep quality and health.
For severe OSA, MADs may not be as effective as CPAP therapy. Clinical trials suggest they’re a good option for those who can’t use CPAP or prefer oral appliances.
Comparison to CPAP Therapy Outcomes
CPAP therapy is often the top choice for OSA. But studies comparing MADs to CPAP show MADs are more comfortable and easier to use. This makes patients more likely to stick with MAD therapy.
- MADs are more comfortable and easier to use than CPAP machines.
- Patients are more likely to adhere to MAD therapy long-term.
- MADs are less obtrusive, allowing for more normal sleep patterns.
Patient Compliance and Satisfaction Rates
Patient compliance is key to OSA treatment success. Research has shown MAD users tend to stick with treatment more than CPAP users.
Higher satisfaction with MADs is a big reason. Studies have indicated patients like MADs more because they’re comfortable and easy to use.
Long-term Success Factors
Long-term success with MADs depends on several things. Regular check-ups, adjusting the device as needed, and watching treatment results are important.
- Regular follow-ups to adjust the MAD for optimal fit and efficacy.
- Ongoing monitoring of OSA symptoms and treatment outcomes.
- Patient education on proper use and maintenance of the MAD.
By focusing on these, healthcare providers can help ensure MAD therapy works well for patients with OSA over time.
Patient Experiences with Insurance Coverage for Sleep Apnea Appliances
Getting insurance for sleep apnea appliances can be tough. But, many patients have found success. We’ve gathered stories to help you understand the process better.
Success Stories and Coverage Wins
Many patients have won the fight for insurance coverage. For example, a patient with moderate OSA got a mandibular advancement device covered. They provided a sleep study and a doctor’s letter.
Another patient, who didn’t do well with CPAP, got a custom-made oral appliance covered. They showed they couldn’t use CPAP and that the appliance worked for their OSA.
Common Challenges and How They Were Overcome
But, many face hurdles in getting coverage. Issues include no coverage, high costs, and hard preauthorization.
To beat these, patients do a few things:
- They work closely with their doctors to get all needed papers.
- They appeal denied claims with more evidence of the appliance’s need.
- They look into financing options like HSAs or FSAs.
Lessons Learned from Patient Experiences
Patients have learned a lot about getting insurance for sleep apnea appliances. First, thorough documentation is key. Keeping records of sleep studies, treatment plans, and insurance talks helps a lot.
Second, persistence is key. Those who kept appealing with more evidence often got coverage.
Lastly, having experienced healthcare providers helps a lot. They know the insurance game well.
Future Trends in Insurance Coverage for Sleep Apnea Devices
Looking ahead, insurance for sleep apnea devices is set to change a lot. More people know how sleep apnea affects health. Also, new treatments are coming out, making insurers rethink their policies.
Evolving Insurance Policies
Insurance for sleep apnea treatment is getting better. Now, policies cover more than just CPAP machines. They also include oral appliances and new devices. This change comes from studies showing these treatments work well for different patients.
Key developments in evolving insurance policies include:
- Increased coverage for oral appliances, like mandibular advancement devices
- More flexible policies that adjust based on how well treatment works
- Greater focus on how well treatment works in deciding coverage and rates
Impact of Telehealth on Coverage
Telehealth has changed how insurance covers sleep apnea devices. It makes it easier for people to get care, like first visits and check-ups. This has made insurers update their policies to include telehealth.
The benefits of telehealth in sleep apnea treatment include:
- More people can get care, even if they live far away
- Patients are more likely to stick with treatment with regular checks
- It costs less than going to the doctor in person
Advocacy Efforts for Improved Coverage
Groups and organizations are working hard to change insurance for sleep apnea devices. They want to make sure coverage is better for patients. They aim to make policies more patient-friendly.
Key advocacy efforts include:
- Telling policymakers and insurers why better coverage is important
- Working for the same coverage rules from all insurers
- Supporting studies on the long-term effects of sleep apnea treatments
As these changes keep happening, we’ll see better insurance for sleep apnea devices. It will be more focused on what patients need.
Conclusion
Knowing about insurance coverage is key to getting sleep apnea treatment. Most medical insurance plans cover sleep apnea mouthpieces as Durable Medical Equipment (DME). We’ve looked at how insurance works for sleep apnea appliances, including the types and how they’re covered.
When you’re looking for treatment, checking your insurance for sleep apnea mouthpieces is important. You should talk to your healthcare team to get the right paperwork and approval for your oral appliance. This might be cheaper under some insurance plans.
By understanding insurance, you can get the right treatment for sleep apnea. We suggest looking into your insurance choices and getting help from your healthcare team. This way, you can get the best care for your sleep apnea using your insurance wisely.
FAQ
Are sleep apnea mouthpieces covered by insurance?
Many insurance plans cover sleep apnea mouthpieces. But, coverage can vary. It depends on your plan and the type of device. Always check with your insurance to see what’s covered.
What is the difference between a Mandibular Advancement Device (MAD) and a tongue retaining device?
MADs move the lower jaw to open the airway. Tongue retaining devices keep the tongue from blocking the airway. Both can help with sleep apnea.
How do I know if my sleep apnea is severe enough to qualify for insurance coverage?
Your insurance might cover sleep apnea treatment based on how severe it is. A sleep study usually determines this. Your doctor can help figure out if your OSA is severe enough and what you need for insurance.
What is the process for getting my oral appliance covered by insurance?
First, you’ll need a diagnosis and insurance check. Then, you might need preauthorization. Work closely with your dental and medical teams to make it smooth.
Can I use my Health Savings Account (HSA) or Flexible Spending Account (FSA) to pay for a sleep apnea mouthpiece?
Yes, you can use HSAs and FSAs for sleep apnea treatment. Check with your account manager to see if it’s allowed and what you need to do.
What if my insurance denies coverage for my sleep apnea mouthpiece?
If insurance denies you, appeal the decision. Gather strong evidence from your doctor and submit more documents. You might also ask for an external review.
Are there any alternative financing options available for sleep apnea mouthpieces?
Yes, there are payment plans and manufacturer help. You might also get tax breaks. We can help find ways to make treatment affordable.
How effective are Mandibular Advancement Devices (MADs) in treating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
MADs work well for mild to moderate OSA. Studies show they improve sleep quality and reduce apnea events.
Can I purchase a sleep apnea mouthpiece over-the-counter, or do I need a custom device?
Over-the-counter options exist, but custom devices are better. Insurance often requires a custom device from a healthcare professional.
What are the long-term maintenance and replacement costs for sleep apnea mouthpieces?
Costs include cleaning and replacement every few years. Talk to your doctor about these costs. Check with your insurance to see if they cover them.
How do I find an in-network provider for my sleep apnea treatment?
Ask your insurance for a list of in-network providers. Your doctor can also recommend someone. We can help you find a qualified provider.
Are there any advocacy efforts aimed at improving insurance coverage for sleep apnea devices?
Yes, there are efforts to improve insurance for sleep apnea treatment. We support these efforts. Stay updated on insurance policy changes.
References:
National Center for Biotechnology Information. Evidence-Based Medical Insight. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26032382/