Pulmonology focuses on diagnosing and treating lung and airway conditions such as asthma, COPD, and pneumonia, as well as overall respiratory health.
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The clinical presentation of tuberculosis is notoriously variable. It is often called “the great imitator” because its symptoms can mimic many other conditions, including lung cancer, pneumonia, fungal infections, and autoimmune diseases. This variability often leads to delays in diagnosis, during which the patient remains infectious. At Liv Hospital, we emphasize a comprehensive evaluation of symptoms in the context of a patient’s specific risk profile. Understanding the nuances of tuberculosis symptoms is the first line of defense in identifying potential cases.
While symptoms can be vague, a constellation of respiratory and systemic signs usually points to pulmonary involvement.
The Evolution of the Cough
Hemoptysis: A Warning Sign
Coughing up blood (hemoptysis) is one of the most alarming signs of tuberculosis.
Chest Pain and Dyspnea
The systemic inflammatory response to the infection drives a hypermetabolic state that “consumes” the body.
When TB affects organs other than the lungs, the symptoms are site-specific, making diagnosis difficult without a high index of suspicion.
Understanding who is at risk is as important as recognizing symptoms.
The Biological Risks
The Social and Environmental Risks
Tuberculosis is a social disease, thriving in conditions of poverty and overcrowding.
Demographic Risks
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A urologist is a surgeon trained to treat conditions of the urinary tract in both men and women. A urogynecologist has specific training in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery, focusing on conditions like bladder prolapse and female incontinence.
Yes, especially in HIV-positive patients or those with extrapulmonary TB, the chest X-ray can appear normal even when the patient is symptomatic and ill.
They overlap significantly (cough, weight loss, blood in sputum), but TB is often accompanied by fever and night sweats, while cancer is not; a biopsy or culture is needed to tell them apart.
Smoking does not “cause” TB (the bacteria do), but it damages the lungs’ defenses, making you much more likely to get infected if exposed and more likely to develop active disease.
Night sweats are caused by the release of specific inflammatory proteins (cytokines) by your immune system as it fights the bacteria, particularly tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
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