Urology treats urinary tract diseases in all genders and male reproductive issues, covering the kidneys, bladder, prostate, urethra, from infections to complex cancers.
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Laser Lithotripsy is a treatment for urinary stones. Patients come to the Urology Department at Liv Hospital when they have symptoms caused by stones blocking the urinary tract, irritating the lining, or causing infection. Symptoms can vary widely, from no symptoms at all to severe pain. Doctors decide to use laser treatment based on how serious the symptoms are and whether the stone threatens kidney health.
The most distinct and distressing symptom associated with urinary stones is renal colic. This pain syndrome is a direct result of the obstruction of urine flow. When a stone lodges in the ureter, it blocks the drainage of urine from the kidney. This causes the renal pelvis to distend and stretches the renal capsule, which is rich in nerve endings.
Autonomic Response The severe pain often triggers a profound autonomic response. Nausea and vomiting are frequent concomitants of renal colic, resulting from shared innervation between the kidneys and the gastrointestinal tract via the celiac ganglion.
Besides severe pain, stones can cause other physical symptoms.
Stone formation is a complex physicochemical process driven by urine supersaturation. Understanding the risk factors is essential for identifying patients who require laser lithotripsy and for implementing strategies to prevent recurrence.
Specific individuals are biologically predisposed to recurrent stone formation due to structural or genetic factors.
Urological conditions can manifest in a variety of ways, ranging from mild discomfort to severe pain or visible physical changes. Because the urinary tract is vital for waste elimination, any disruption in its function typically produces noticeable symptoms. Recognizing these warning signs is critical for early intervention, particularly in cases of malignancy or obstruction where delays can lead to irreversible kidney damage.
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) are among the most common reasons patients seek urological care. These include:
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Colic, a pain characterized by waves, is caused by the peristaltic action of the ureter. The ureter is a muscular tube that contracts rhythmically to push urine toward the bladder. When it contracts against an obstructing stone, the muscle spasms, causing intense pain. As the muscle relaxes between contractions, the pain may temporarily subside.
Yes, stones within the kidney that are not blocking urine flow can be asymptomatic. These are often called silent stones. However, they can still cause long-term damage by growing large, harboring chronic infection, or causing slow loss of kidney function, which is why they may still be treated with laser lithotripsy.
Obesity is linked to metabolic changes that alter urine chemistry. It is often associated with insulin resistance, which creates highly acidic urine, favoring the formation of uric acid stones. Additionally, individuals with higher body mass index usually excrete higher levels of calcium and oxalate, the building blocks of the most common rocks.
While alarming, blood in the urine is a common and expected symptom of a stone that has scratched the lining of the urinary tract. However, if the bleeding is heavy, with clots, or accompanied by fever and chills, it becomes a medical emergency, indicating a potential infection behind the obstruction and requiring immediate medical attention.
While hydration is key, some individuals have metabolic abnormalities that predispose them to stone formation regardless of fluid intake. This could be due to hypercalciuria, which causes excess calcium to be excreted in the urine; hypocitraturia, a lack of natural stone inhibitors; or genetic conditions. These patients require a detailed metabolic workup and often require specific medications in addition to dietary changes.
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