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Hematology focuses on diseases of the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system. Learn about the diagnosis and treatment of anemia, leukemia, and lymphoma.
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Hematology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. Blood is a vital fluid that circulates through the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and carrying away waste products. However, hematology extends far beyond the blood vessels; it encompasses the hematopoietic system, which includes the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced), the spleen, the lymphatic system, and the lymph nodes. A physician specializing in this field is called a hematologist.
To understand hematological disorders, one must understand the complex composition of blood. It is a living tissue composed of liquid and solid parts. The liquid part of blood, called plasma, makes up about 55% of the blood volume and contains water, salts, antibodies, and proteins. Suspended in the plasma are the solid components, the blood cells, which are produced in the spongy center of bones known as the bone marrow.
There are three main types of blood cells, each with a specific life-sustaining function:
Blood flows to every organ in the body; therefore, symptoms of blood disorders can manifest in any organ and affect almost any system. Because the symptoms are often non-specific, such as fatigue or bruising, they are frequently overlooked or attributed to stress or aging. Recognizing the constellation of symptoms is crucial for early detection, especially in malignant conditions where timely treatment significantly impacts survival.
The symptoms of hematologic diseases usually result from a decrease in the functional blood cells (cytopenias) or the overproduction of abnormal cells.
The origins of hematologic diseases are diverse, ranging from dietary habits to complex genetic mutations.
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Diagnosis in hematology requires high-precision investigation. While a simple blood test often provides the first clue, confirming a diagnosis, particularly for blood cancer, requires looking directly at the source: the bone marrow. At Liv Hospital, the diagnostic pathway combines microscopic analysis with advanced molecular genetics to fingerprint the disease, allowing for targeted therapy.
The journey almost always begins with a Complete Blood Count (CBC). This automated test measures the number, size, and shape of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
However, numbers rarely tell the whole story. A Peripheral Blood Smear involves spreading a drop of blood on a glass slide and examining it under a microscope. Pathologists look for:
If the blood tests are abnormal, the hematologist must examine the patient. The bone marrow examination is the gold standard for diagnosing leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma involvement.
Modern hematology relies on understanding the genetics of the cancer cells.
Staging determines how far the disease has spread. Unlike solid tumors (like breast cancer), blood cancers are often considered systemic from the start.
Hematology is one of the most rapidly advancing fields in medicine. Treatments that were standard a decade ago have been replaced by more effective, less toxic targeted therapies. The goal of treatment varies: for benign conditions, it is to correct the deficiency or manage symptoms; for malignancies, it is to induce a complete remission and, ultimately, a cure.
These “smart drugs” attack specific parts of cancer cells or boost the immune system to fight the disease, sparing healthy cells and reducing side effects.
For many high-risk leukemias, lymphomas, and bone marrow failure syndromes, a stem cell transplant is the only potential cure. It allows doctors to use high doses of chemotherapy to wipe out the diseased marrow and replace it with healthy stem cells.
Treating blood disorders requires supporting the patient’s body through the process.
Hematologic conditions are complex and demand a level of care that integrates high-tech science with deep clinical expertise. At Liv Hospital, the Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Department functions as a specialized center of excellence. The facility is designed not just to treat the disease, but to protect the patient during their most vulnerable moments.
The success of hematologic treatment, especially bone marrow transplantation, relies heavily on the physical environment.
Blood diseases affect the whole body, and effective treatment requires a team approach.
Liv Hospital adheres to the rigorous standards set by international hematology organizations. The center performs both autologous and fully matched/haploidentical allogeneic transplants. By combining cutting-edge therapies such as targeted agents and immunotherapy with world-class infection control and nursing care, Liv Hospital provides a sanctuary of healing for patients facing the most challenging blood disorders.
A hematologist is a specialist who treats diseases related to the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system. This includes benign conditions like anemia and clotting disorders (hemophilia), as well as malignant (cancerous) conditions like leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.
While both are blood cancers, they originate in different places.
This is the gold standard test for diagnosing blood cancers. It is usually performed on the back of the hip bone under local anesthesia. It involves two steps:
CAR T-Cell therapy is a revolutionary immunotherapy. It involves collecting a patient’s own T-cells (immune cells), genetically re-engineering them in a lab to recognize specific cancer markers, and then infusing them back into the patient. The modified cells then “hunt down” and destroy the cancer.
Patients undergoing chemotherapy or bone marrow transplants have severely compromised immune systems (neutropenia). HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filtration systems continuously clean the air, removing bacteria, fungi, and airborne particles, creating a protective isolation environment that prevents life-threatening infections.
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