Plastic surgery restores form and function through reconstructive procedures, cosmetic enhancements, and body contouring.
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Reconstructive rhinoplasty is distinct from cosmetic nose surgery. It addresses nasal deformities caused by trauma, cancer removal, or congenital clefts. The goal is to rebuild the structural support of the nose to restore breathing and a regular shape.
This procedure often requires cartilage grafts. Septal cartilage is the first choice, but in revision or severe trauma cases, cartilage from the ear or rib may be harvested to rebuild the bridge and tip. The surgery focuses on opening the airway and straightening the deviated septum.
Scar revision aims to minimize the visibility of poorly healed scars. Techniques include simple excision, in which the old scar is cut out and carefully closed, or more complex flap surgeries such as Z-plasty or W-plasty. These flaps break up the linear scar, making it harder for the eye to track.
For raised or red scars, adjunct treatments are used. These may include steroid injections to flatten the tissue or laser therapy to reduce redness and improve texture. The procedure is tailored to the specific type of scar and its location on the facial lines.
Orthognathic surgery corrects irregularities of the jaw bones to realign the jaws and teeth. It is used for patients with severe underbites, overbites, or facial asymmetry that orthodontics alone cannot fix. It improves chewing, speaking, and breathing.
The surgery involves cutting the jawbone (osteotomy) and moving it into the correct position. It is secured with titanium plates and screws. This is often a collaborative effort between the plastic surgeon and an orthodontist, requiring braces before and after surgery.
Facial reanimation restores movement to a paralyzed face. For recent paralysis, nerve grafts can be used to bridge damaged sections. For prolonged standing paralysis where the muscle has atrophied, muscle transfers are required.
The temporalis muscle can be transposed to the corner of the mouth to create a smile. Alternatively, a free muscle flap from the inner thigh (gracilis) can be microsurgically connected to facial nerves to provide spontaneous, emotional movement.
Corrective otoplasty addresses protruding or deformed ears. This can range from pinning back protruding ears (prominauris) to reconstructing underdeveloped ears (microtia) or ears damaged by trauma.
Reconstruction of a missing ear is a complex, multi-stage process. It may involve carving a framework from the patient’s rib cartilage or using a porous polyethylene implant. The framework is placed under the scalp skin to create the shape of an ear.
Autologous fat grafting is a versatile tool for correcting contour deformities caused by trauma, localized scleroderma, or hemifacial atrophy. Fat is harvested from the abdomen or thighs, purified, and injected into the depressed areas of the face.
The fat acts as a natural filler, restoring volume and improving skin quality due to its stem cell content. Since some fat is reabsorbed, multiple sessions may be needed to achieve the final volume. It provides a permanent, living replacement for lost soft tissue.
Corrective eyelid surgery addresses functional issues such as ptosis (drooping of the upper lid that blocks vision), ectropion (lower lid turning out), or entropion (lower lid turning in). These conditions can cause tearing, irritation, and corneal damage.
Reconstruction after tumor removal (Mohs surgery) is also common. This involves creating flaps of skin from the surrounding cheek or forehead to cover defects on the eyelid while preserving the lid’s ability to open and close properly.
Custom facial implants are used to correct skeletal asymmetries or deficiencies that cannot be fixed by moving the bone. Implants can be designed for the chin, jaw angle, cheek, or forehead.
Using 3D CT scans, implants are manufactured to fit the patient’s specific anatomy perfectly. They are made of biocompatible materials, such as PEEK or silicone, and are secured to the bone to provide permanent structural correction.
Maxillofacial trauma often results in fractures of the orbit, cheekbone (zygoma), nose, or jaw. Corrective surgery involves assessing the fractures, reducing the bones (putting them back in place), and fixing them with plates and screws.
Delayed correction of fractures is more challenging, often requiring the bone to be rebroken (osteotomy) or the use of bone grafts to fill gaps. The goal is to restore the pre-injury facial projection and to protect vital structures such as the eye and brain.
For significant defects where skin and muscle are missing (e.g., after cancer resection or severe burns), local or free flaps are used. A regional flap moves adjacent tissue into the defect. A free flap involves taking tissue from another part of the body (like the forearm or thigh) and reconnecting its blood vessels to the face.
These procedures provide healthy, vascularized tissue to cover wounds, protect exposed bone, and restore facial contour. They are the workhorses of major facial reconstruction.
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A graft is a piece of tissue (skin, bone, cartilage) completely detached from the body and moved to a new site; it relies on the new bed for blood supply. A flap retains its own blood supply (artery and vein), either by remaining attached at one end or by being reconnected microsurgically.
Using rib cartilage, ear reconstruction typically requires 2 to 4 stages spaced several months apart. Using a synthetic implant may require fewer stages but carries different long-term risks.
Yes, fat grafting can help lift depressed scars and improve the quality of the skin over the scar. It adds a cushion between the skin and the bone, making the scar less tethered and softer.
A Le Fort osteotomy is a specific type of jaw surgery where the upper jaw (maxilla) is separated from the skull base to move it forward, backward, or up. It is used to correct bite issues and midface deficiencies.
Nerve repair is unpredictable. The earlier the repair is done after injury, the better the outcome. However, perfect restoration of original function is rare. The goal is usually to restore tone and some voluntary movement to improve symmetry.
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