Pulmonology focuses on diagnosing and treating lung and airway conditions such as asthma, COPD, and pneumonia, as well as overall respiratory health.
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Diagnosing lung disease is a systematic process of elimination and confirmation. Because many lung conditions share similar nonspecific symptoms (cough, shortness of breath, fatigue), relying on symptoms alone is insufficient. At Liv Hospital, we employ a sophisticated, stepwise diagnostic algorithm that starts with non-invasive physiological tests and progresses to advanced imaging, microbiological analysis, and tissue sampling when necessary. The goal is not just to name the disease but to phenotype it—understanding its severity, rate of progression, specific biological drivers, and treatable traits.
Absent Breath Sounds: Suggesting pneumothorax, pleural effusion, or severe emphysema.
PFTs are the cornerstone of diagnosis, severity grading, and monitoring response to therapy.
Normal DLCO: Seen in uncomplicated asthma or chronic bronchitis.
V/Q Scan (Ventilation/Perfusion): Used when CT is contraindicated (renal failure/allergy) to look for a mismatch indicative of PE.
When imaging is inconclusive, tissue or cellular samples are needed.
FeNO (Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide): Measures eosinophilic airway inflammation. High levels suggest asthma that will respond well to inhaled steroids.
Liquid Biopsy: Testing blood for circulating tumor DNA in lung cancer to guide targeted therapy (EGFR, ALK, ROS1 mutations).
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CT scans use X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images and are excellent for visualizing kidney stones, detecting tumors, and evaluating traumatic injuries. They are fast and widely available. MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of soft tissues, making it superior for staging prostate cancer, evaluating bladder wall invasion, and assessing pelvic floor disorders without ionizing radiation.
Contrast dye, usually iodine-based, is injected into a vein to highlight the blood vessels and urinary tract organs. As the kidneys filter the dye from the blood, it opacifies the urine. This allows the radiologist to see the internal structure of the kidneys, the ureters, and the bladder clearly, revealing blockages, tumors, or structural abnormalities that would be invisible on a non-contrast scan.
Multiparametric MRI is an advanced imaging technique that combines standard anatomical sequences with functional sequences like Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced imaging. This provides a comprehensive assessment of the prostate, allowing doctors to distinguish between benign conditions like BPH and significant prostate cancer, and to guide targeted biopsies.
CT scans do involve exposure to ionizing radiation, which carries a small theoretical risk of cellular damage over time. However, modern CT scanners use dose-modulation technology to minimize this exposure to the lowest level necessary for a diagnostic image. The benefit of an accurate and timely diagnosis for serious urological conditions typically far outweighs the minimal risk of radiation.
Many modern orthopedic implants are MRI-safe, although they may cause some image distortion. However, older pacemakers, defibrillators, and certain metal clips may be unsafe in the strong magnetic field. It is critical to inform the imaging team of any metallic implants so they can verify their safety compatibility or recommend an alternative test like a CT scan.
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